Interpretation and application of carbon isotope ratios in freshwater diatom silica

Carbon incorporated into diatom frustule walls is protected from degradation enabling analysis for carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C_diatom). This presents potential for tracing carbon cycles via a single photosynthetic host with well-constrained ecophysiology. Improved understanding of environmental processes controlling carbon delivery and assimilation is essential to interpret changes in freshwater δ¹³C_diatom. Here relationships between water chemistry and δ¹³C_diatom from contemporary regional data sets are investigated. Modern diatom and water samples were collected from river catchments within England and lake sediments from across Europe. The data suggest dissolved, biogenically produced carbon supplied proportionately to catchment productivity was critical in the rivers and soft water lakes. However, dissolved carbon from calcareous geology overwhelmed the carbon signature in hard water catchments. Both results demonstrate carbon source characteristics were the most important control on δ¹³C_diatom, with a greater impact than productivity. Application of these principles was made to a sediment record from Lake Tanganyika. δ¹³C_diatom co-varied with δ¹³C_bulk through the last glacial and Holocene. This suggests carbon supply was again dominant and exceeded authigenic demand. This first systematic evaluation of contemporary δ¹³C_diatom controls demonstrates that diatoms have the potential to supply a record of carbon cycling through lake catchments from sediment records over millennial timescales.