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Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...

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Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

Published on: September 2, 2016

Multifunctional two-stage riser fluid catalytic cracking process.

Jinhong Zhang¹, Honghong Shan¹, Xiaobo Chen¹

¹State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580 China.

Applied Petrochemical Research

|September 23, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The two-stage riser (TSR) fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process improves yields and has been industrially applied. The multifunctional two-stage riser (MFT) FCC process further enhances product quality and heavy oil conversion.

Keywords:

Diesel Fluid catalytic cracking Gasoline upgrading Heavy oil Two-stage riser

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Area of Science:

Chemical Engineering
Petroleum Refining

Background:

Conventional fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) processes have inherent limitations.
Shortcomings in traditional FCC technology necessitate process innovation.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce the two-stage riser (TSR) FCC process to mitigate FCC drawbacks.
To present the multifunctional two-stage riser (MFT) FCC process for enhanced performance.
To optimize reaction conditions for improved feedstock and cycle oil cracking.

Main Methods:

Development and application of the two-stage riser (TSR) FCC process.
Implementation of the multifunctional two-stage riser (MFT) FCC process.
Coupling of cycle oil cracking and light FCC naphtha upgrading in the second-stage riser.
Utilizing a specially designed reactor to reduce gasoline olefin content.

Main Results:

The TSR FCC process successfully reduced dry gas and coke yields while increasing light oil yield.
The MFT FCC process demonstrated further improvements in product quality.
Pilot tests confirmed increased diesel yield and enhanced heavy oil conversion with the MFT FCC process.

Conclusions:

The TSR FCC process offers significant advantages over conventional FCC methods.
The MFT FCC process represents an advancement in FCC technology, improving efficiency and product value.
Optimized reaction conditions and reactor design are key to maximizing FCC process benefits.