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A Cell-Free Assay Using Xenopus laevis Embryo Extracts to Study Mechanisms of Nuclear Size Regulation

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Vesicle Size Distribution as a Novel Nuclear Forensics Tool.

Patrick H Donohue¹, Antonio Simonetti¹

¹Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America.

|September 23, 2016

Summary

Trinitite glass from the Trinity test site shows distinct vertical textures. Analysis of vesicles reveals a two-stage thermal history, differentiating the quenched surface from the heated subsurface.

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Area of Science:

Geochemistry
Materials Science
Nuclear History

Background:

The Trinity test, Earth's first nuclear detonation, created Trinitite from melted arkosic sand.
Trinitite exhibits heterogeneous textures, with a glassy surface over a mixed melt-mineral zone.
Previous hypotheses on Trinitite's texture lack quantitative textural analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

To conduct the first quantitative textural analysis of vesicles in Trinitite.
To constrain the physical and thermal history of Trinitite formation.
To understand the post-detonation processes influencing Trinitite's heterogeneous structure.

Main Methods:

Quantitative analysis of vesicle morphology and size distribution in Trinitite cross-sections.
Microstructural examination to differentiate between the glassy surface and the lower zone.
Comparison of textural data to infer thermal and physical conditions.

Main Results:

Vesicle characteristics confirm distinct thermal histories for the upper glassy layer and the lower zone.
The upper layer shows lower vesicle density, larger sizes, and more rounded vesicles.
Vertical stratigraphy indicates quench cooling of the surface followed by subsurface heating.

Conclusions:

The distinct vesicle textures provide a method for determining original sample surface orientation.
Trinitite's vertical stratigraphy is explained by a two-stage thermal evolution process.
Understanding these post-melting processes informs potential surface mixing and vesicle formation in nuclear event environments.