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Related Concept Videos

Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Restriction Enzymes01:11

Restriction Enzymes

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Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes used to cut DNA in a sequence-specific manner. To cleave DNA, they bind to specific palindromic sequences called restriction sites. Such palindromic DNA sequences or inverted repeats are commonly found in regions of functional significance, such as the origin of replication, gene operator sites, and regions containing transcription termination signals.
The host bacteria protect their own genomic DNA from these enzymes by methylating these sites. Some...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
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Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level

Published on: April 23, 2016

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ADAR1 restricts LINE-1 retrotransposition.

Elisa Orecchini1, Margherita Doria2, Ambra Antonioni1

  • 1Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy.

Nucleic Acids Research
|September 24, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) suppresses the activity of Long INterspersed Element 1 (LINE1) retrotransposons. This regulation occurs independently of ADAR1's RNA editing function, revealing a novel role for this enzyme.

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RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level
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RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level

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Detection of Retrotransposition Activity of Hot LINE-1s by Long-Distance Inverse PCR
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RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level
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RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) modify double-stranded RNAs, influencing viral dynamics.
  • ADAR1 has shown complex roles in viral replication, potentially promoting or inhibiting viruses like HIV-1.
  • Previous research indicated ADAR1's involvement in HIV-1 replication, but its precise function remained unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the composition of the ADAR1 ribonucleoprotein complex during HIV-1 expression.
  • To investigate the role of ADAR1 in the regulation of Long INterspersed Element 1 (LINE1) activity.
  • To determine if ADAR1's RNA editing activity is essential for its function in LINE1 regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Dual-tag affinity purification of ADAR1 complexes in HIV-1 expressing cells.
  • Mass spectrometry to identify ADAR1-interacting proteins.
  • Cell-culture based retrotransposition assays to assess LINE1 activity.

Main Results:

  • Identified 14 novel non-ribosomal proteins interacting with ADAR1, many linked to LINE1 ribonucleoparticles.
  • Demonstrated that ADAR1 acts as a suppressor of LINE1 retrotransposition.
  • Showed that ADAR1 binds the basal LINE1 ribonucleoprotein complex, independent of its editing activity.

Conclusions:

  • ADAR1 plays a novel inhibitory role in the life cycle of LINE1 retrotransposons.
  • The suppressive mechanism of LINE1 by ADAR1 does not rely on its RNA editing function.
  • ADAR1 is a key regulator of LINE1 retrotransposition, interacting with its core machinery.