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Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Scalable Transfection of Maize Mesophyll Protoplasts
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Mapping Prolificacy QTL in Maize and Teosinte.

Liyan Yang1, Chin Jian Yang1, Qi Cheng1

  • 1From the Life Science College, Shanxi Normal University, No. 1 Gongyuan Street, Linfen City, Shanxi Province 041004, China (L. Yang) and Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706 (C. J. Yang, Cheng, Xue, and Doebley).

The Journal of Heredity
|September 24, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Maize prolificacy, or ear number, is controlled by the grassy tillers 1 (gt1) gene. Domestication selected for nonprolific maize by favoring specific gt1 alleles (M1 and M2) over the prolific teosinte allele.

Keywords:
grassy tillers 1 control regionM2 haplotypeQTLprolificacy

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Area of Science:

  • Plant genetics
  • Crop evolution
  • Maize breeding

Background:

  • Teosinte, maize's ancestor, has multiple ears per node, unlike maize's single ear.
  • The grassy tillers 1 (gt1) gene influences this prolificacy difference.
  • Previous studies noted nonprolific maize with teosinte-like gt1 regions, suggesting other factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the genetic basis of nonprolificacy in maize varieties with teosinte-like gt1 regions.
  • Identify the specific genetic factors responsible for reduced ear number in maize.
  • Clarify the role of gt1 haplotypes in maize domestication and ear development.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic mapping to locate the nonprolificacy-suppressing factor.
  • DNA sequence analysis of the gt1 control region.
  • Comparative analysis of maize and teosinte gt1 haplotypes.

Main Results:

  • A nonprolificacy-suppressing factor was mapped to an interval including gt1.
  • Maize varieties previously thought to have the teosinte (T) haplotype actually possess a distinct maize haplotype (M2).
  • The M2 haplotype, similar but not identical to T, is associated with nonprolificacy, like the common M1 haplotype.

Conclusions:

  • Nonprolificacy in maize is likely due to allele substitutions at the gt1 locus.
  • Two distinct maize gt1 haplotypes (M1 and M2) conferring nonprolificacy were selected during domestication.
  • Understanding gt1 variation is key to maize breeding and understanding crop evolution.