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Homologous Recombination02:31

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
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Visualization of DNA Repair Proteins Interaction by Immunofluorescence
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Rad51 Regulates Reprogramming Efficiency through DNA Repair Pathway.

Jae-Young Lee1, Dae-Kwan Kim1, Jeong-Jae Ko1

  • 1Dept. of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seoul 06135, Korea.

Development & Reproduction
|September 24, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rad51 enhances induced pluripotent stem cell generation by promoting DNA repair and epithelial marker expression during reprogramming. This protein facilitates mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition, improving stem cell generation efficiency.

Keywords:
Homologous recombinationRad51ReprogrammingγH2AX

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Molecular biology
  • DNA repair mechanisms

Background:

  • Rad51 is crucial for homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair.
  • Rad51 plays a role in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation.
  • The precise function of Rad51 in reprogramming remains to be fully elucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of Rad51 co-expression on reprogramming efficiency.
  • To explore Rad51's role in early reprogramming events, including epithelial transition and DNA repair.

Main Methods:

  • Performed reprogramming experiments with co-expression of Rad51 and reprogramming factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc).
  • Quantified alkaline phosphatase-positive and embryonic stem cell-like colonies.
  • Assessed the expression of epithelial markers and phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX).

Main Results:

  • Co-expression of Rad51 significantly increased reprogramming efficiency, evidenced by more colonies.
  • Rad51 co-expression enhanced early epithelial marker expression.
  • Accumulation of γH2AX in reprogramming intermediates suggests Rad51's involvement in DNA damage response.

Conclusions:

  • Rad51 plays a novel role in enhancing reprogramming efficiency.
  • Rad51 may facilitate reprogramming by promoting mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition.
  • Rad51's regulation of DNA damage repair pathways is critical in early reprogramming phases.