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Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:27

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Changes in polymorphic forms can significantly influence the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Although the FDA defines pharmaceutical equivalence based on having the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration, it does not automatically disqualify products with different polymorphic forms. This means two products with different polymorphs can still be deemed pharmaceutically equivalent. However, polymorphic differences can affect properties like wettability,...
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Substitution Rule Applied to Definite Integrals01:24

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When evaluating a definite integral whose integrand matches the structure of a composite function, the substitution method provides an efficient way to simplify the calculation. This method is based on reversing the chain rule from differentiation, allowing a complicated expression to be rewritten in a simpler form. When the integrand contains an inner function and its derivative, substitution naturally reduces the complexity of the problem.The core idea of substitution for definite integrals...
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Leaving Groups02:14

Leaving Groups

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The nature of leaving groups strongly influences the outcome of a nucleophilic substitution reaction.
In general, in a nucleophilic substitution reaction, a nucleophile displaces a functional group, called the leaving group, from the substrate to give a substituted product. A leaving group departs the substrate molecule through heterolytic cleavage, taking the pair of electrons with it to become a relatively stable weak base in the form of an anion or a neutral molecule.  
In a...
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Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions02:34

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Historical perspective
In 1896, the German chemist Paul Walden discovered that he could interconvert pure enantiomeric (+) and (-) malic acids through a series of reactions. This conversion suggested the involvement of optical inversion during the substitution reaction. Further, in 1930, Sir Christopher Ingold described for the first time two different forms of nucleophilic substitution reactions, which are known as SN1 (nucleophilic substitution unimolecular) and SN2 (nucleophilic substitution...
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Overview
Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group.  The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2,  depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
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Nucleophilic substitution in aromatic compounds is feasible in substrates bearing strong electron-withdrawing substituents positioned ortho or para to the leaving group. The reaction proceeds via two steps: the addition of the nucleophile and the elimination of the leaving group.
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Answering a poor substitute.

Judith Brown1

  • 1Bath.

Nursing Standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987)
|September 24, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This critique argues Barbara Green's fictional article was disrespectful and misrepresented the wise, independent elderly residents encountered over 30 years of caregiving. The piece failed to capture the true character of these practical and discerning individuals.

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Sociology of Aging

Background:

  • A recent article by Barbara Green has drawn criticism for its portrayal of elderly individuals.
  • The author of this critique has extensive experience (30 years) in geriatric care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critique Barbara Green's fictional article regarding its accuracy and respectfulness towards the elderly population.
  • To provide a counter-perspective based on direct experience with elderly residents.

Main Methods:

  • Qualitative critique of a fictional article.
  • Comparison of the article's depiction with 30 years of personal experience in elderly care.

Main Results:

  • Barbara Green's article is characterized as fictional and disrespectful.

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  • The article failed to accurately represent the independent, wise, and practical nature of elderly residents observed by the critic.

    • Conclusions:

    • Fictional portrayals can be disrespectful and misrepresent the characteristics of the elderly.
    • Direct, long-term experience provides a more authentic understanding of the elderly population than fictional accounts.