Development of electrochemical sensor for the determination of palladium ions (Pd²⁺) using flexible screen printed...

To date, the development of different modified electrodes have received much attention in electrochemistry. The modified electrodes have some drawbacks such as high cost, difficult to handle and not eco friendly. Hence, we report an electrochemical sensor for the determination of palladium ions (Pd²⁺) using an un-modified screen printed carbon electrode has been developed for the first time, which are characterized and studied via scanning electron microscope and cyclic voltammetry. Prior to determination of Pd²⁺ ions, the operational conditions of un-modified SPCE was optimized using cyclic voltammetry and showed excellent electro-analytical behavior towards the determination of Pd²⁺ ions. Electrochemical determination of Pd²⁺ ions reveal that the un-modified electrode showed lower detection limit of 1.32μM with a linear ranging from 3 to 133.35μM towards the Pd²⁺ ions concentration via differential pulse voltammetry. The developed sensor also applied to the successfully determination of trace level Pd²⁺ ions in spiked water samples. In addition, the advantage of this type of electrode is simple, disposable and cost effective in electrochemical sensors.