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Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

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The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
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Ovarian Cycle01:27

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The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle...
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Proliferative Phase01:20

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The proliferative phase typically occurs after menstruation and lasts between 6 to 13 days in a standard 28-day cycle. This phase involves the reconstruction of the endometrium, guided by estrogen produced by the developing ovarian follicle.
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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
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Progesterone in normal and pathological pregnancy.

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    Natural progesterone is vital for reproduction, supporting pregnancy maintenance through immune modulation and reduced uterine contractions. Optimal administration routes and dosages are crucial for its therapeutic use in gynecological conditions.

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    Area of Science:

    • Reproductive endocrinology
    • Gynecology
    • Obstetrics

    Background:

    • Progesterone is a critical hormone for reproduction, playing key roles in the menstrual cycle, implantation, and pregnancy maintenance.
    • Often termed "the pregnancy hormone," natural progesterone is essential for reproductive success and maintaining pregnancy through various physiological mechanisms.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the essential roles of progesterone in reproduction and pregnancy.
    • To discuss the therapeutic applications of progesterone in gynecological pathologies and assisted reproductive technologies.
    • To highlight the importance of selecting appropriate administration routes and dosages for progesterone therapy.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of progesterone's physiological functions.
    • Analysis of progesterone's mechanisms in supporting pregnancy.
    • Overview of clinical applications and administration routes for progesterone.

    Main Results:

    • Progesterone modulates the maternal immune response and suppresses inflammation.
    • It reduces uterine contractility by counteracting prostaglandins and oxytocin.
    • Progesterone improves utero-placental circulation and supports the luteal phase by promoting trophoblast invasion and inhibiting apoptosis.

    Conclusions:

    • Progesterone is indispensable for successful pregnancy maintenance and has significant therapeutic applications in gynecology and reproductive medicine.
    • Effective progesterone therapy requires careful consideration of administration routes (oral, vaginal, intramuscular) and optimal dosage.
    • Key clinical uses include managing threatened miscarriage, recurrent miscarriage, and preterm birth prevention.