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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Specialized care provided over an extended period is called tertiary care. Usually, a primary or secondary care physician will refer a patient to tertiary care. A patient's maximum physical and mental function is restored in tertiary care, which is caused due to the impact of a chronic illness or condition. Tertiary care aims to achieve the highest level of functioning possible while managing chronic illness. For example, a patient who falls and fractures their hip will need secondary care...
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Parathyroid carcinoma in tertiary hyperparathyroidism.

Byung Seup Kim1, Han Suk Ryu2, Kyung Ho Kang1

  • 1Department of Surgery, Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.

Asian Journal of Surgery
|September 25, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study reports a rare case of parathyroid carcinoma in a patient with tertiary hyperparathyroidism after kidney transplantation. Surgical removal of the parathyroid carcinoma successfully lowered intact parathyroid hormone levels.

Keywords:
kidney transplantationparathyroid carcinoma

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare endocrine malignancy with unknown causes.
  • Tertiary hyperparathyroidism can occur after kidney transplantation, persisting despite successful graft function.
  • Persistent hyperparathyroidism can lead to complications like bone pain and osteoporosis.

Observation:

  • A kidney transplant recipient developed persistent tertiary hyperparathyroidism unresponsive to medical management.
  • Subtotal parathyroidectomy was performed due to symptomatic bone disease.
  • Histopathology confirmed parathyroid carcinoma in one of four hyperplastic glands.

Findings:

  • Surgical resection of the parathyroid carcinoma led to a significant decrease in intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels.
  • Postoperative imaging at six months showed no signs of recurrence or metastasis.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of considering parathyroid carcinoma in persistent hyperparathyroidism post-transplantation.
  • Surgical intervention may be necessary for managing symptomatic tertiary hyperparathyroidism.
  • Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing parathyroid carcinoma and preventing complications.