Reproductive performance of the largest captive Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) population in Sri Lanka

The Pinnawela Elephant Orphanage (PEO) in Sri Lanka maintains one of the largest captive Asian elephant (Elephas maximus maximus) populations in the world, with a total of 79 animals (45 females and 34 males) at present. It was established in 1975 as an orphanage for rescued wild calves, and commenced natural breeding under controlled conditions when they reached breeding age. This study summarizes reproductive data of 65 live births from 38 years of records at PEO. The age at first calving (n=31) was 14.6±0.7years, and the numbers of females giving birth two, three, four and five times were 21, 8, 4 and 2, with corresponding inter-birth intervals (IBI) of 4.9±0.3, 4.8±0.5, 7.9±1.9 and 5.7±0.5years, respectively. Females giving birth to males (5.7±2.2years) had longer IBIs compared to birthing female calves (4.7±1.1years). The average gestation for 18 pregnancies with known conception dates was 667±11days. The average birth weight was similar for male (83.1±4.6kg; n=14) and female (82.8±8.4kg; n=6) calves. Sex ratio for live births was 36 male:29 female and not different from 1:1; however, more males (10/14) were born after a second parity. Calf mortality and stillbirth rates were low: 7.6% and 4.4%, respectively. This study highlights the successful breeding program at the PEO, providing baseline reproductive data that can aid in improving breeding of other elephants managed under captive conditions.