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From stem cells to comparative corticogenesis: a bridge too far?

Marion Betizeau1, Colette Dehay2

  • 1Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland ;

Stem Cell Investigation
|September 27, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Human brain evolution may stem from unique cortical precursor properties. Studies using human, chimpanzee, and macaque stem cells suggest developmental timing differences drive greater neuron expansion in humans.

Keywords:
Cerebral cortexembryonic developmenthumanprimatestem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • The human cortex's larger neuron count is linked to advanced cognitive functions.
  • Understanding the mechanisms behind human cortical expansion is crucial for evolutionary neuroscience.

Discussion:

  • Comparative in vitro corticogenesis models using human, chimpanzee, and macaque pluripotent stem cells were employed.
  • Clonal analysis indicated a potential heterochrony in early developmental events.
  • This heterochrony might result in a comparatively larger expansion of the human cortical precursor population.

Key Insights:

  • Human cortical precursors may possess distinct properties driving greater neuronal proliferation compared to other primates.
  • Developmental timing differences (heterochrony) in early corticogenesis could explain human cortical size regulation.

Outlook:

  • Further in vivo studies are needed to validate the findings from stem cell models.
  • Investigating cortical precursor lineages in vivo will provide a more comprehensive understanding of human brain evolution.