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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

5.9K
Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

3.9K
The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
3.9K
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

4.1K
The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
4.1K
Introduction to the Skeletal System01:20

Introduction to the Skeletal System

10.4K
The skeletal system is the central framework of the body, consisting of different connective tissues: bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
Components of the Skeletal System
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a hard connective tissue that forms an internal support structure for the human body. Bones shield vulnerable organs and soft tissue from external forces. For example, the vertebral bones protect and support the spinal cord.
Cartilage, a semi-rigid connective tissue found in regions such as...
10.4K
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
5.9K
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

6.5K
Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
6.5K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
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Bone Densitometry in Children and Adolescents.

Laura K Bachrach, Catherine M Gordon,

    Pediatrics
    |September 28, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    Bone densitometry in children is crucial for assessing bone health and fracture risk. Current guidelines help pediatricians interpret results, but clinical judgment remains key for managing pediatric bone fragility.

    Area of Science:

    • Pediatric Endocrinology
    • Bone Densitometry
    • Skeletal Health

    Background:

    • Pediatric bone fragility is a growing concern, impacting children with chronic diseases, immobility, or poor nutrition.
    • Bone densitometry is established in adults for fracture risk assessment but its role in children is less defined.
    • Assessing bone health in pediatric patients requires specialized interpretation distinct from adult standards.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To summarize current knowledge on pediatric bone densitometry, including indications, interpretation, and risks.
    • To present updated consensus statements from the 2013 International Society of Clinical Densitometry Pediatric Position Development Conference.
    • To provide guidance for pediatricians managing children at risk of bone fragility.

    Main Methods:

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    • Review of current literature and updated consensus statements from expert panels.
    • Emphasis on recommendations from the 2013 Pediatric Position Development Conference.
    • Discussion of evidence-based and expert-opinion-based guidelines.

    Main Results:

    • Interpretation of pediatric bone densitometry differs from adults; "low for age" (<2 SDs below expected) is used instead of "osteopenia" or "osteoporosis."
    • Pediatric osteoporosis is defined by vertebral fractures or low bone density with a significant fracture history.
    • Data are sparse on many topics, highlighting the need for ongoing research.

    Conclusions:

    • Pediatric bone densitometry requires clinical judgment, with specific criteria for defining pediatric osteoporosis.
    • Updated guidelines offer general direction, but further research is needed to refine indications and methods for assessing pediatric bone strength.
    • The Pediatric Endocrine Society recognizes the educational importance of this clinical report.