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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease01:30

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Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
Crohn's disease
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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma receptor (Eph) and its ligand, Eph receptor-interacting protein (Ephrin) were first discovered in the human carcinoma cell line, hence the name. Ephrin-Eph interaction guides cells to reach their appropriate location in adult tissues. They also play an essential role in the immune system by helping in immune cell migration, adhesion, and activation. Based on their structure and function, Eph is divided into two classes — EphA and EphB.
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Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal01:12

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Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by functional disturbances in the gastrointestinal system, presenting a cluster of symptoms without evident structural or biochemical abnormalities. It primarily affects the large intestine and may cause abdominal pain, bloating, excessive gas, diarrhea, constipation, or both.
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Induction of Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of CBir1 TCR Transgenic CD4+ T Cells to Immunodeficient Mice
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Cytokines and intestinal inflammation.

Giorgos Bamias1, Fabio Cominelli

  • 1aAcademic Department of Gastroenterology, Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece bDivision of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology
|September 28, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cytokines in the gut microenvironment influence immune responses and inflammation. Understanding specific cytokine roles, like IL-33 and IL-36, is key for developing new gut inflammation therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The intestinal microenvironment's cytokines critically regulate immune responses following mucosal damage.
  • Cytokine activity is influenced by their properties, cellular source, and the surrounding immunological context.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent research on the specific roles of cytokines in the development of intestinal inflammation.
  • To highlight novel and established cytokines impacting mucosal immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on cytokine function in intestinal inflammation.
  • Analysis of cytokine properties, cellular origins, and interactions.

Main Results:

  • Interleukin-1 (IL-1) family members, including IL-33 and IL-36, play significant roles in mucosal immunity.
  • Established cytokines like IL-18 possess unique properties, and Th17 cell plasticity impacts cytokine secretion.
  • Certain cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-6, exhibit dual roles, offering protection in acute injury but promoting inflammation chronically.

Conclusions:

  • Cytokine functions in mucosal health and disease are becoming clearer.
  • This knowledge advances understanding of gut inflammation pathogenesis.
  • It provides a foundation for developing diagnostic biomarkers and targeted cytokine therapies.