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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Regulatory T cells: Therapeutic Potential for Treating Transplant Rejection and Type I Diabetes
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Anti-regulatory T cells.

Mads Hald Andersen1,2

  • 1Department of Hematology, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, 2730, Herlev, Denmark. mads.hald.andersen@regionh.dk.

Seminars in Immunopathology
|September 29, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) normally suppress immune responses. New research reveals anti-regulatory T cells (anti-Tregs) that target Tregs, potentially impacting immune homeostasis and disease.

Keywords:
Anti-TregsAnti-regulatory T cellsFoxp3IDOImmune regulationPD-L1Tregs

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial for maintaining peripheral T-cell tolerance and immune homeostasis.
  • Tregs modulate host responses to tumors and prevent autoimmunity.
  • Recent discoveries include self-reactive pro-inflammatory T cells, termed anti-Tregs, which target immune-suppressive cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on self-reactive anti-Tregs.
  • To provide examples of antigen-specific anti-Tregs.
  • To discuss the potential roles of anti-Tregs in immune homeostasis and future clinical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on anti-regulatory T cells.
  • Analysis of self-reactive T cells targeting specific immune regulatory proteins.
  • Discussion of the implications of anti-Tregs in physiological and pathological conditions.

Main Results:

  • Regulatory cells encompass both suppressor cells (Tregs) and effector cells that counteract suppression (anti-Tregs).
  • Self-reactive anti-Tregs recognize epitopes from proteins like IDO, TDO, PD-L1, and Foxp3, highly expressed in antigen-presenting cells.
  • Activation of anti-Tregs may be driven by strong signals from their cognate targets during inflammation or stress.

Conclusions:

  • The definition of regulatory cells has expanded to include anti-Tregs.
  • Self-reactive anti-Tregs represent a novel component of immune regulation.
  • Understanding anti-Tregs may offer new avenues for clinical applications in immune-related diseases.