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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Psychoneuroimmunology: Diabetes and Cancer01:19

Psychoneuroimmunology: Diabetes and Cancer

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Chronic stress has been linked to both the onset and progression of serious health conditions, including Type 2 diabetes and cancer. Type 2 diabetes, a widespread chronic illness, is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance, both of which often worsen under stress. Studies indicate that men experiencing high levels of chronic stress face a 45% higher risk of developing diabetes compared to those with minimal stress. Stress triggers physiological responses that elevate blood...
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
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Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib for first-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma: final analysis of efficacy and safety from the phase III CheckMate 214 trial.

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Retreatment, rechallenge, and escalation with subsequent immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies across cancers after initial failure.

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Updated: Mar 14, 2026

A Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell PBMC Engrafted Humanized Xenograft Model for Translational Immuno-oncology I-O Research
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[Immunooncology in Urologic Cancers: Current Status].

M-O Grimm1

  • 1Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena.

Aktuelle Urologie
|September 30, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Immune checkpoint inhibitors offer new hope for metastatic cancers. These therapies, like Nivolumab and Atezolizumab, show promising long-term remissions and improved survival in urological tumors with manageable side effects.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunotherapy

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent a novel systemic treatment modality for metastatic tumors.
  • These therapies activate the immune system, potentially leading to durable patient remissions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current status and potential of ICIs in treating urological malignancies.
  • To highlight approved ICIs and ongoing clinical trials in advanced renal cell and urothelial carcinoma.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent clinical trial data and regulatory approvals for ICIs in urological cancers.
  • Comparison of ICI efficacy (response rates, overall survival) against existing treatments like chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and antiangiogenic drugs.

Main Results:

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  • Nivolumab (anti-PD-1) approved for advanced renal cell carcinoma; Atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1) approved for metastatic urothelial carcinoma.
  • Nivolumab demonstrated superior remission rates (25% vs. 5%) and overall survival increase (5.4 months) versus Everolimus in pre-treated patients.
  • Atezolizumab showed increased remission (15%) and 1-year survival (37%) compared to chemotherapy in urothelial carcinoma.

    • Conclusions:

    • ICIs are effective and well-tolerated systemic treatments for metastatic urological tumors.
    • Ongoing trials explore ICI combinations and adjuvant settings, with potential to supplant current first-line therapies.