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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Long noncoding RNA (lincRNA), a new paradigm in gene expression control.

Emre Deniz1, Batu Erman2

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Functional & Integrative Genomics
|September 30, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) are RNA molecules longer than 200 nucleotides, originating from non-protein-coding genome regions. These crucial lincRNAs regulate gene expression, form scaffolds, and control epigenetic processes.

Keywords:
ChromatinChromatin-modifying complexesGene expressionLong intergenic noncoding RNA

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) are transcripts >200 nucleotides, lacking protein-encoding open reading frames.
  • Historically considered 'junk DNA,' these regions are now known to encode functional RNA transcripts.
  • lincRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II, spliced, and poly-adenylated, with over 15,000 identified in the human genome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse functions of lincRNAs.
  • To highlight their roles in gene expression control, scaffold formation, and epigenetic regulation.
  • To underscore the significance of previously overlooked genomic regions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent experimental findings on lincRNAs.
  • Analysis of data from repositories like the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO).
  • Examination of lincRNA characteristics, including genomic location and orientation relative to protein-coding genes.

Main Results:

  • lincRNAs are involved in intricate biological processes, including gene expression modulation.
  • They function as scaffolds, facilitating molecular interactions.
  • lincRNAs play critical roles in epigenetic control mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • lincRNAs are essential regulatory molecules with significant biological functions.
  • The re-evaluation of "junk DNA" has revealed a vast landscape of functional non-coding RNAs.
  • Further research into lincRNAs promises deeper insights into genome regulation and cellular processes.