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Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

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The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's natural, nonspecific defense system that acts quickly to protect against pathogens. It incorporates physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes and cellular elements such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. This part of our immune system provides an immediate,...
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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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How the codfish changed its immune system.

Peter Parham1

  • 1Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.

Nature Genetics
|September 30, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Codfish lost a key immune pathway (MHC II) due to mutations. Later, their MHC I genes diversified significantly, adapting their immune system in unique ways across species.

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary immunology
  • Comparative genomics
  • Fish biology

Background:

  • The adaptive immune system is crucial for vertebrate defense.
  • Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules present antigens to T cells.
  • MHC class II (MHC II) pathway is vital for CD4(+) T cell activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary history of the MHC pathway in codfish.
  • To understand the impact of MHC II loss on immune system evolution.
  • To characterize the diversification of MHC class I (MHC I) genes post-MHC II loss.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomic analysis of MHC genes in codfish lineages.
  • Phylogenetic reconstruction to trace gene family evolution.
  • Analysis of gene duplication and loss events.

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Main Results:

  • A common ancestor of modern codfish lost the MHC II pathway.
  • Subsequent to MHC II loss, codfish experienced significant expansion and diversification of MHC I genes.
  • This diversification was species-specific, indicating adaptive radiation.

Conclusions:

  • The loss of the MHC II pathway was a pivotal event in codfish immune evolution.
  • Codfish compensated for the loss of MHC II by enhancing the diversity and number of MHC I genes.
  • This evolutionary trajectory highlights adaptive immune system remodeling in response to major genetic events.