Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

18.9K
Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...
18.9K
Repressible Operon: trp Operon01:21

Repressible Operon: trp Operon

2.2K
The trp operon in Escherichia coli exemplifies a repressible operon. It regulates the synthesis of tryptophan through repressor-mediated transcriptional control and attenuation. This dual regulatory mechanism ensures tryptophan biosynthesis occurs only when needed, conserving cellular resources.Structure of the trp OperonThe trp operon consists of five structural genes (trpE, trpD, trpC, trpB, and trpA) that encode enzymes for tryptophan biosynthesis. These genes are transcribed as a single...
2.2K
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

13.8K
As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
13.8K
Alternative RNA Splicing02:18

Alternative RNA Splicing

25.9K
Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
There are five types of alternative RNA splicing that vary in the ways the pre-mRNA segments are removed or retained in the mature mRNA. The first...
25.9K
piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

7.8K
PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
7.8K
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

12.0K
The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
12.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

TDP-43 dysfunction facilitates the pathological conversion of tau.

Molecular neurodegeneration·2026
Same author

BCG vaccination mitigates tau pathology and restores cognitive function in PS19 mice.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Tauopathy primes co-filament assembly and dysfunction of TDP-43.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

TDP-43: [GU]-ardian of the transcriptome.

Molecular neurodegeneration·2026
Same author

Brain Iron as a Surrogate Biomarker of Pathological TDP-43 Identifies Brain Region-Specific Signatures in Ageing, Alzheimer's Disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Distinct and convergent effects of <i>SF3B1</i> mutations in human breast cancer.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Exploring Sequence Space to Identify Binding Sites for Regulatory RNA-Binding Proteins
11:34

Exploring Sequence Space to Identify Binding Sites for Regulatory RNA-Binding Proteins

Published on: August 9, 2019

7.2K

PTBP1 and PTBP2 Repress Nonconserved Cryptic Exons.

Jonathan P Ling1, Resham Chhabra1, Jonathan D Merran2

  • 1Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA.

Cell Reports
|September 30, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Polypyrimidine tract-binding proteins 1 and 2 (PTBP1 and PTBP2) repress cryptic exons using CU microsatellites, contributing to transcriptome diversity in neuronal differentiation. These factors join TDP-43 as key regulators of RNA splicing fidelity.

More Related Videos

Electroporation-Based CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Gene Knockout in THP-1 Cells and Single-Cell Clone Isolation
09:29

Electroporation-Based CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Gene Knockout in THP-1 Cells and Single-Cell Clone Isolation

Published on: February 28, 2025

3.8K
Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
04:04

Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity

Published on: January 20, 2023

2.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Exploring Sequence Space to Identify Binding Sites for Regulatory RNA-Binding Proteins
11:34

Exploring Sequence Space to Identify Binding Sites for Regulatory RNA-Binding Proteins

Published on: August 9, 2019

7.2K
Electroporation-Based CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Gene Knockout in THP-1 Cells and Single-Cell Clone Isolation
09:29

Electroporation-Based CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Gene Knockout in THP-1 Cells and Single-Cell Clone Isolation

Published on: February 28, 2025

3.8K
Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
04:04

Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity

Published on: January 20, 2023

2.9K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • RNA splicing fidelity is crucial for cellular function but its regulatory mechanisms remain incompletely understood.
  • TDP-43, a neurodegenerative disease-associated protein, represses nonconserved cryptic exons via UG microsatellites.
  • The role of other splicing factors in cryptic exon regulation is an active area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the function of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1) and polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 2 (PTBP2) in RNA splicing.
  • To determine the specific sequence elements and types of exons regulated by PTBP1 and PTBP2.
  • To elucidate the contribution of PTBP1 and PTBP2 to transcriptome diversity during neuronal differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of RNA splicing patterns and identification of regulated exons.
  • Investigation of microsatellite sequences (UG and CU) associated with PTBP1/PTBP2 binding.
  • Comparative analysis of PTBP1/PTBP2 and TDP-43 regulatory mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • PTBP1 and PTBP2 function as repressors of nonconserved cryptic exons, similar to TDP-43.
  • Unlike TDP-43, PTBP1 and PTBP2 utilize CU microsatellites for repression.
  • PTBP1 and PTBP2 regulate both nonconserved cryptic exons and conserved tissue-specific exons, with repression levels titrated for neuronal transcriptome diversity.

Conclusions:

  • PTBP1 and PTBP2 are identified as novel repressors of cryptic exons, expanding the known network of splicing regulators.
  • The distinct microsatellite targets (CU vs. UG) highlight differential mechanisms among cryptic exon repressors.
  • PTBP1 and PTBP2 play a critical role in generating transcriptomic diversity essential for neuronal development.