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Related Concept Videos

Aggression01:47

Aggression

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Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain (Berkowitz, 1993); a contract killer who murders for...
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Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance01:14

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Avoidance-avoidance conflict refers to a psychological situation where a person must choose between two or more unpleasant alternatives. These conflicts are particularly stressful because neither option is desirable. This dilemma is often expressed in sayings like "caught between a rock and a hard place" or "between the devil and the deep blue sea." For instance, individuals who fear dental procedures may find themselves torn between enduring a painful toothache or facing the...
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Preparedness and Phobias01:09

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Human fear responses to certain stimuli, such as darkness, heights, deep water, and blood, can often arise despite the absence of direct negative experiences. This phenomenon is rooted in evolutionary psychology, which posits that humans have developed a predisposition to fear stimuli that historically posed significant survival threats. This predisposition, known as preparedness, suggests that early humans who developed a fear of potentially dangerous entities, such as venomous snakes and...
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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
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Frustration and Conflict: Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance01:20

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Frustration occurs when people are obstructed or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need. For example, when someone's input is ignored in a discussion, it can lead to feelings of frustration. Conflict, however, arises from opposing interests, goals, or actions. Conflicts can take various forms based on the nature of these opposing desires or goals.
One common type of conflict is the Approach–Approach Conflict. In this case, a person faces two desirable...
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Secondary Motives: Affiliation Motivation and Aggression Motivation01:21

Secondary Motives: Affiliation Motivation and Aggression Motivation

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Affiliation motivation is the intrinsic desire to connect with others and belong to a social group, which plays a crucial role in forming and maintaining personal relationships. This type of motivation is essential for psychological well-being, as it provides individuals with a sense of community and support. An example of this is a student who joins a study group in order to feel a sense of connection. People with high affiliation motivation actively seek social approval, take satisfaction in...
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Related Experiment Video

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The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress
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Preemptive strikes: Fear, hope, and defensive aggression.

Nir Halevy1

  • 1Stanford University.

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
|September 30, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Preemptive strikes are reduced by hope, especially under uncertainty. This research explores how emotions like hope, fear, and anger influence decisions in conflict situations, offering insights into defensive aggression.

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Decision Science
  • Conflict Studies

Background:

  • Existing models of defensive aggression narrowly focus on fear.
  • Limited understanding of how various emotions influence preemptive strikes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the influence of specific emotions (fear, anger, disgust, hope, happiness) on preemptive strikes.
  • Examine the role of risk and uncertainty in driving preemptive aggression.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized choice dilemmas and an interactive "Preemptive Strike Game" task.
  • Experimentally manipulated risk of attack and emotional states.
  • Investigated preemptive strikes under conditions of risk and uncertainty.

Main Results:

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  • Hope negatively predicted defensive exits and reduced preemptive strikes.
  • Risk of attack increased preemptive strikes, partially mediated by reduced hope.
  • Trust-related reasoning curbed preemptive strikes under uncertainty.
  • Incidental emotions' valence and uncertainty appraisals interacted to shape preemptive strikes.

Conclusions:

  • Hope has a significant dampening effect on preemptive aggression.
  • Emotions, particularly hope, play a crucial role in strategic decision-making under risk and uncertainty.
  • Findings advance understanding of defensive aggression and social interactions.