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Related Concept Videos

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
12.0K
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation02:47

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

21.7K
Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
21.7K
Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration02:36

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration

9.7K
A significant aspect of hydroboration–oxidation is the regio- and stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
Hydroboration proceeds in a concerted fashion with the attack of borane on the π bond, giving a cyclic four-centered transition state. The –BH2 group is bonded to the less substituted carbon and –H to the more substituted carbon. The concerted nature requires the simultaneous addition of –H and –BH2 across the same face of the alkene giving syn stereochemistry.
9.7K
Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions02:15

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

8.1K
Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
8.1K
Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction02:23

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

12.9K
Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat (25–100°C) and...
12.9K
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:40

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

11.2K
Introduction
Analogous to alkenes, alkynes also undergo acid-catalyzed hydration. While the addition of water to an alkene gives an alcohol, hydration of alkynes produces different products such as aldehydes and ketones.
11.2K

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Improving the Combustion Performance of a Hybrid Rocket Engine using a Novel Fuel Grain with a Nested Helical Structure
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Towards N-Alkylimidazole Borane-based Hypergolic Fuels.

Shi Huang1, Wenquan Zhang1, Tianlin Liu1

  • 1Research Center of Energetic Material Genome Science, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, China.

Chemistry, an Asian Journal
|September 30, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed new N-alkylimidazole borane compounds as safer alternatives to hydrazine fuels. These novel hypergolic fuels offer excellent properties for advanced liquid bipropellant rocket engines.

Keywords:
N-alkylimidazole boranehydrazinehypergolic fuelsignition delay timepropellants

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Aerospace Engineering

Background:

  • Hydrazine derivatives are traditional hypergolic fuels but are toxic and volatile.
  • There is a significant need for safer, high-performance alternatives in rocket propulsion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel N-alkylimidazole borane compounds.
  • To evaluate their potential as hypergolic fuels for liquid bipropellant rocket engines.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a series of N-alkylimidazole borane compounds.
  • Characterization of their physicochemical properties (melting point, thermal stability, viscosity).
  • Evaluation of their hypergolic reactivity.

Main Results:

  • The synthesized N-alkylimidazole borane compounds exhibit desirable properties: low melting points, high thermal stability, and low viscosities.
  • These compounds demonstrate unique hypergolic reactivity, indicating suitability as rocket fuels.
  • They offer cost-effective and scalable advantages over existing hypergolic ionic liquids.

Conclusions:

  • N-alkylimidazole borane compounds are promising candidates for next-generation hypergolic fuels.
  • Their favorable properties and cost-effectiveness make them suitable for high-performance liquid bipropellant formulations.
  • This research contributes to the development of safer and more efficient rocket propulsion systems.