From pathogenesis to clinical application: insights into exosomes as transfer vectors in cancer

Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular membrane vesicles that are created by the fusion of an intracellular multivesicular body with the cell membrane. They are widely distributed in serum, urine, saliva and other biological fluids. As important transfer vectors for intercellular communication and genetic material, exosomes can stimulate target cells directly via receptor-mediated interactions or via the transfer of various bioactive molecules, such as cell membrane receptors, proteins, mRNAs and microRNAs, thus exerting their biological functions. This review focuses on the biological characteristics of exosomes, as well as their role and underlying mechanisms of action in the evolution of tumor formation, metastasis, drug resistance and other malignant behaviors. Additionally, this review emphasizes the potential applications of exosomes in the treatment of tumors. Further research may provide new ideas and methods to establish effective, exosome-based strategies for the early diagnosis and treatment of tumors.