Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

19.5K

New Oral Hypoglycemic Agents and Cardiovascular Risk. Crossing the Metabolic Border

Belén Dalama1, Jordi Mesa1

  • 1Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.

Revista Espanola De Cardiologia (English Ed.)
|October 1, 2016
PubMed

Insights

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors offer an insulin-independent way to lower blood glucose and HbA1c. These agents also reduce weight, blood pressure, and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes management.

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Endocrinology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors represent a novel class of oral hypoglycemic agents.
  • Their mechanism involves insulin-independent renal glucose excretion.
  • Beyond glucose lowering, they exhibit multifaceted metabolic effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanism of action, efficacy, and safety of SGLT2 inhibitors.
  • To discuss their broader metabolic benefits beyond glycemic control.
  • To update knowledge on this class, particularly in light of cardiovascular outcome data.

Main Methods:

  • Review of randomized clinical trials and recent data.
  • Analysis of pharmacological mechanisms and clinical outcomes.
  • Synthesis of information on marketed SGLT2 inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • SGLT2 inhibitors effectively lower blood glucose and HbA1c without increasing hypoglycemia risk.
  • These agents demonstrate reductions in bodyweight and systolic blood pressure.
  • Emerging data highlight significant cardiovascular benefits, exemplified by empagliflozin.

Conclusions:

  • SGLT2 inhibitors provide significant glycemic control with added benefits of weight and blood pressure reduction.
  • The cardiovascular protective effects are a major advancement in managing type 2 diabetes.
  • This class offers a promising therapeutic option by modulating multiple risk factors.
Keywords:
Cardiovascular diseaseDiabetes mellitus tipo 2Enfermedad cardiovascularInhibidor del cotransportador de sodio–glucosa tipo 2Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitorType 2 diabetes mellitus

More Related Videos

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain08:32

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain

Published on: January 4, 2018

11.0K
A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory10:03

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

Published on: February 28, 2013

26.7K

Related Concept Videos

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are...
746
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
804
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood...
796
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
1.1K
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas01:17

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas

Sulfonylureas are oral hypoglycemic agents utilized in treating type 2 diabetes. They are characterized by their unique sulfonylurea chemical structure. The family of sulfonylureas is divided into generations. First-generation sulfonylureas, including tolbutamide (Orinase), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), and tolazamide (Tolinase), trigger insulin release from pancreatic β cells and enhance peripheral tissues' insulin sensitivity. The second-generation members, such as glipizide...
1.5K
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors01:23

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...
860