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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells01:15

Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells

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Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...
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Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells01:19

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their...
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Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:19

Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphocyte Infiltration in Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Circulating immune cells in multiple sclerosis.

A P Jones1, A G Kermode2,3, R M Lucas4

  • 1Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA.

Clinical and Experimental Immunology
|October 1, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Circulating T and B lymphocytes drive multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. Understanding these immune cell disturbances is key to developing novel MS treatments and identifying therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
B cellsT cellsflow cytometrymultiple sclerosis

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Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neuroimmunology
  • Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

  • Circulating T and B lymphocytes are implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory autoimmune disease.
  • Understanding immunological disturbances in MS is crucial for advancing treatment development.
  • Flow cytometry analyses reveal MS-associated alterations in T and B cell subsets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the contribution of T and B lymphocyte subsets to MS pathogenesis.
  • To provide current phenotypical descriptions for experimental design.
  • To highlight future research directions in MS immunology.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of circulating immune cells using flow cytometry.
  • Characterization of T and B cell subset composition and function.
  • Monitoring of temporal changes associated with disease activity.

Main Results:

  • MS is associated with alterations in circulating T and B cell subsets.
  • Proinflammatory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and B cells are increased.
  • Functional defects in T and B regulatory cells are observed.

Conclusions:

  • Flow cytometry is a powerful tool for monitoring immunological changes in MS.
  • Immunological signatures can be identified for predictive value.
  • Research findings can guide the development of new therapeutic targets for MS.