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Related Concept Videos

Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

2.6K
The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...
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The Hyoid Bone01:12

The Hyoid Bone

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The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck at the level of the inferior mandible, with its tips pointing posteriorly. It does not directly articulate with any other bone in the body. The hyoid acts as the attachment site for the tongue, the larynx, and the pharynx. It is held in position by a series of small muscles attached from above or below. These muscles help to move the hyoid up/down or forward/back in coordination with movements of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx...
6.0K
The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

3.6K
The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Teeth01:15

Teeth

2.1K
The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into ...
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Oscillations about an Equilibrium Position01:04

Oscillations about an Equilibrium Position

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Stability is an important concept in oscillation. If an equilibrium point is stable, a slight disturbance of an object that is initially at the stable equilibrium point will cause the object to oscillate around that point. For an unstable equilibrium point, if the object is disturbed slightly, it will not return to the equilibrium point. There are three conditions for equilibrium points—stable, unstable, and half-stable. A half-stable equilibrium point is also unstable, but is named so...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Studying Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Mice
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Unstable Os Odontoideum.

Mark Riebel, Richard Westrick, Donald Goss

    The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy
    |October 4, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    A Marine experienced hand paresthesia after a parachuting accident. Imaging revealed an os odontoideum, a rare cervical spine condition, following neck trauma.

    Area of Science:

    • Orthopedics
    • Physical Therapy
    • Radiology

    Background:

    • Direct-access physical therapy allows patients to seek care without physician referral.
    • Cervical spine trauma can lead to various neurological deficits.
    • Paresthesia, often described as a "pins and needles" sensation, can indicate nerve involvement.

    Observation:

    • A 24-year-old male Marine presented with bilateral hand paresthesia after a parachuting incident.
    • The patient reported neck hyperextension during the accident.
    • Neurological findings and trauma history prompted imaging of the cervical spine.

    Findings:

    • Standard radiographs did not clearly visualize the odontoid process.
    • Computed tomography (CT) imaging confirmed the presence of os odontoideum.
    Keywords:
    cervical spinecomputed tomographyhandneckradiographyupper extremity

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  • Os odontoideum is a developmental anomaly where the odontoid process is separate from the axis vertebra.

    • Implications:

    • This case highlights the importance of advanced imaging when initial radiographs are inconclusive for cervical spine trauma.
    • Os odontoideum can predispose individuals to atlantoaxial instability and neurological compromise.
    • Physical therapists in direct-access settings must be vigilant in identifying potential red flags for serious spinal pathology.