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Related Concept Videos

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Overview
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Interview: Glycolipid Antigen Presentation by CD1d and the Therapeutic Potential of NKT cell Activation
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Interview: Glycolipid Antigen Presentation by CD1d and the Therapeutic Potential of NKT cell Activation

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Shaping Variation in the Human Immune System.

Adrian Liston1, Edward J Carr2, Michelle A Linterman2

  • 1Translational Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.

Trends in Immunology
|October 4, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human immune system diversity is shaped by genetics (20-40%) and intrinsic/environmental factors (60-80%), with age and infections being key. Understanding this variation is crucial for health.

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Author Spotlight: Achieving High-Purity In Vitro Differentiation of Th17 Cells Using Cytokine Concentration Modulation
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Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Human Genetics
  • Population Health

Background:

  • Immune responses exhibit significant inter-individual variation, crucial for pathogen defense.
  • Recent advances in immune phenotyping enable large-scale studies of human immune diversity.
  • Understanding the drivers of immune variation is essential for personalized medicine and public health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and integrate findings from large-scale studies on human immune diversity.
  • To identify the key factors contributing to inter-individual variation in the human immune system.
  • To explore the potential health implications of immune system diversity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent in-depth immune phenotyping projects in large cohorts.
  • Analysis of genetic and non-genetic factors influencing immune system variation.
  • Integration of data from large-scale human studies.

Main Results:

  • Genetic diversity accounts for 20-40% of immune system variation.
  • Intrinsic factors (predominantly age) and environmental influences (cohabitation, chronic viral infections) explain the remaining 60-80%.
  • Identified key mediators of immune system diversity.

Conclusions:

  • Human immune diversity is shaped by a complex interplay of genetic, intrinsic, and environmental factors.
  • Age and chronic infections are significant contributors to immune system variation.
  • Further research into immune diversity can inform health strategies and interventions.