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Related Concept Videos

Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

Energy to Drive Translocation

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Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
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Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of survivorship and reproductive strategies, including semelparity and iteroparity. Semelparous species, like annual plants, have only one reproductive episode in their lifetimes and consequently have short lifespans. Iteroparous species, by contrast, have many reproductive events during their lifetimes but have relatively few offspring. These two...
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One of the challenges of using the second law of thermodynamics to determine if a process is spontaneous is that it requires measurements of the entropy change for the system and the entropy change for the surroundings. An alternative approach involving a new thermodynamic property defined in terms of system properties only was introduced in the late nineteenth century by American mathematician Josiah Willard Gibbs. This new property is called the Gibbs free energy (G) (or simply the free...
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Free energy—abbreviated as G for the scientist Gibbs who discovered it—is a measurement of useful energy that can be extracted from a reaction to do work. It is the energy in a chemical reaction that is available after entropy is accounted for. Reactions that take in energy are considered endergonic and reactions that release energy are exergonic. Plants carry out endergonic reactions by taking in sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. Animals, in turn, break...
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Energy diagrams are important to understand the dynamics of a system. The topology of an energy diagram helps illustrate the equilibrium points of the system.
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The dynamics of a mechanical system can be easily understood by interpreting a potential energy diagram. Since energy is a scalar quantity, the interpretation of the dynamics of the system becomes even simpler.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Microbial Communities in Nature and Laboratory - Interview
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Genomic Energy Landscapes.

Bin Zhang1, Peter G Wolynes2

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas.

Biophysical Journal
|October 4, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Energy landscape theory offers a new view of chromosome architecture, drawing parallels with protein folding. This approach, using Hi-C data, reveals insights into chromosome structure and dynamics, prompting new research questions.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Genomics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Chromosome architecture is crucial for cellular functions, including gene regulation.
  • Understanding chromosome structure has been a long-standing challenge in molecular biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the application of energy landscape theory to chromosome architecture.
  • To explore insights gained from Hi-C data-based energy landscapes for interphase and mitotic chromosomes.
  • To identify new research avenues concerning chromosome dynamics and gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing energy landscape theory, originally developed for protein folding.
  • Constructing effective energy landscapes from Hi-C (High-throughput Chromosome Conformation Capture) data.
  • Analyzing the topology and structure of both interphase and mitotic chromosomes.

Main Results:

  • Energy landscape theory provides a novel framework for understanding chromosome organization.
  • Hi-C data analysis reveals key aspects of chromosome topology and structure.
  • The approach highlights the dynamic nature of chromosomes.

Conclusions:

  • Energy landscape theory offers a powerful new perspective on chromosome architecture.
  • This framework facilitates a deeper understanding of chromosome structure and dynamics.
  • It opens new avenues for investigating chromosome nonequilibrium dynamics and gene regulation.