Sleep-Stage-Specific Regulation of Cortical Excitation and Inhibition

Sleep is characterized by unique patterns of cortical activity alternating between the stages of slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep. How these patterns relate to the balanced activity of excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons in cortical circuits is unknown. We investigated cortical network activity during wakefulness, SWS, and REM sleep globally and locally using in vivo calcium imaging in mice. Wide-field imaging revealed a reduction in pyramidal cell activity during SWS compared with wakefulness and, unexpectedly, a further profound reduction in activity during REM sleep. Two-photon imaging on local circuits showed that this suppression of activity during REM sleep was accompanied by activation of parvalbumin (PV)+ interneurons, but not of somatostatin (SOM)+ interneurons. PV+ interneurons most active during wakefulness were also most active during REM sleep. Our results reveal a sleep-stage-specific regulation of the cortical excitation/inhibition balance, with PV+ interneurons conveying maximum inhibition during REM sleep, which might help shape memories in these networks.