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Related Concept Videos

Respiratory Volumes01:15

Respiratory Volumes

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Respiratory volumes are crucial metrics, meticulously measured to quantify the air exchanged in and out of the lungs during various phases of the breathing cycle. These precise measurements are vital for assessing lung function, diagnosing respiratory conditions, and monitoring overall respiratory health. Each parameter provides specific insights into the mechanics of breathing and the functional capacity of the lungs.
Tidal Volume (TV) Tidal volume (TV) is the air inhaled or exhaled in a...
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Pulmonary Ventilation: Inhalation01:24

Pulmonary Ventilation: Inhalation

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Pulmonary ventilation is a vital process that ensures the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. It refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs, enabling the body to obtain oxygen and remove waste carbon dioxide. In this article, we will explore the intricacies of pulmonary ventilation, including its underlying principles, mechanisms, and the interplay of pressures within the respiratory system.
Boyle's law becomes particularly pertinent when examining respiratory...
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Breathing01:05

Breathing

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The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
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External and Internal Respiration01:24

External and Internal Respiration

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External respiration occurs in the lungs, and it is the first step in the journey of oxygen inside the body. When we inhale, oxygen enters our lungs and diffuses across the thin alveolar membrane. The alveoli are tiny, air-filled sacs that provide a vast surface area for gas exchange. Oxygen in the alveoli has a higher partial pressure (105 mmHg) than in the adjacent pulmonary capillaries (40 mmHg), establishing a pressure gradient. As a result, oxygen molecules move from the alveoli into the...
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Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity01:24

Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity

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Breathing, otherwise known as pulmonary ventilation, is the process of air movement into and out of the lungs. The main mechanisms propelling pulmonary ventilation are atmospheric pressure (Patm), intra-pulmonary (Ppul ) or intra-alveolar pressure (Palv) within the alveoli, and intrapleural pressure (Pip) within the pleural cavity.
Breathing Mechanisms
Both intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures rely on specific lung properties. The ability to breathe—allowing air to enter the lungs...
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Lung Capacity01:47

Lung Capacity

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The air in the lungs is measured in volumes and capacities. Lung volume measures reflect the amount of air taken in, released, or left over after a lung function, like a single inhalation. Lung capacity measures are sums of two or more lung volume measures.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Measurement of the Pressure-volume Curve in Mouse Lungs
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Measurement of the Pressure-volume Curve in Mouse Lungs

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Lung volume reduction for emphysema.

Pallav L Shah1, Felix J Herth2, Wouter H van Geffen3

  • 1The National Institute for Health Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Imperial College, London, UK; Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London UK.

The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine
|October 4, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Advanced emphysema treatment is evolving beyond surgery. Minimally invasive bronchoscopic lung volume reduction techniques, like valves and coils, offer promising alternatives for improving lung function and exercise capacity in selected patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Interventional Pulmonology
  • Thoracic Surgery

Background:

  • Advanced emphysema involves destruction of alveolar-capillary units, leading to impaired gas exchange and airflow obstruction.
  • Pharmacological treatments offer limited efficacy, while surgical lung volume reduction, though beneficial, carries significant morbidity.
  • The need for novel lung volume reduction strategies has driven the development of minimally invasive bronchoscopic techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review clinical trial evidence for lung volume reduction therapies in advanced emphysema.
  • To provide guidance on patient selection for available lung volume reduction interventions.
  • To explore the efficacy and limitations of bronchoscopic lung volume reduction methods.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical trial data on lung volume reduction therapies.
  • Analysis of outcomes for bronchoscopic interventions including valves, coils, vapour thermal ablation, and sclerosant agents.
  • Evaluation of patient selection criteria for different lung volume reduction approaches.

Main Results:

  • Endobronchial valves show comparable benefits to lung volume reduction surgery in selected emphysema patients.
  • Endobronchial coils may benefit patients with severe hyperinflation and less parenchymal destruction.
  • Vapour thermal energy and sclerosant agents offer focal treatment potential but face challenges due to unpredictable inflammatory responses.

Conclusions:

  • Minimally invasive bronchoscopic lung volume reduction techniques represent a significant advancement in emphysema management.
  • Endobronchial valves and coils are emerging as viable alternatives to surgery for specific patient subgroups.
  • Further research and standardized patient selection are crucial for optimizing the use of these novel therapies.