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Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

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Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
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Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in...
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Mechanical Stimulation-induced Calcium Wave Propagation in Cell Monolayers: The Example of Bovine Corneal Endothelial Cells
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Extracellular ATP Induces Calcium Signaling in Odontoblasts.

B M Lee1, H Jo1, G Park1

  • 11 Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Journal of Dental Research
|October 4, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Odontoblasts, the cells forming tooth dentin, may act as sensory cells. This study found that extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) signals through various ATP receptors, including P2X4 and P2X7, influencing calcium levels in odontoblasts.

Keywords:
adenosine triphosphatedental pulpdentinodontoblastspurinergic receptorssingle-cell analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Dentistry

Background:

  • Odontoblasts, located at the tooth pulp's surface, are increasingly recognized for potential sensory and immune roles.
  • Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a key signaling molecule in neuronal and immune systems.
  • Previous research suggests ATP may mediate communication between odontoblasts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the ATP-mediated signaling pathway in odontoblasts.
  • To identify the expression and function of ATP receptors involved in calcium signaling within odontoblasts.

Main Methods:

  • Single-cell reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect ATP receptor gene expression in isolated rat odontoblasts.
  • Immunofluorescent detection to confirm receptor protein expression.
  • In vitro calcium imaging experiments to assess odontoblast responses to ATP stimulation.

Main Results:

  • Single-cell RT-PCR revealed heterogeneous expression of P2Y2, P2Y4, P2X2, P2X4, P2X6, and P2X7 receptors in subsets of odontoblasts.
  • Calcium imaging demonstrated that ATP application increased intracellular calcium concentration, indicating functional ionotropic and metabotropic ATP receptors.
  • Specific receptor subtypes, including P2X4 and P2X7, were confirmed as functional in odontoblasts through pharmacological and calcium response analyses.

Conclusions:

  • Odontoblasts express a variety of calcium-related ATP receptors in a heterogeneous manner.
  • Extracellular ATP acts as a potential signaling mediator for diverse odontoblastic functions.
  • These findings support the emerging role of odontoblasts as sensory and signaling cells within the tooth pulp.