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Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

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Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
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Cognitivism01:17

Cognitivism

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Cognitive psychology emerged as a significant field in the mid-20th century. It focused on understanding humans' internal mental processes. This approach emphasizes how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems—elements critical to human cognition.
Previously dominated by behaviorism, which prioritized observable behaviors and largely ignored mental processes, psychology transformed in the 1950s. Cognitive psychologists argue that understanding how we think and process...
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Introduction to Cognitive Psychology01:20

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

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Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem-solving, as well as other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology studies how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
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Optimal Arousal Theory01:23

Optimal Arousal Theory

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The optimal arousal theory suggests that performance is maximized when an individual experiences a moderate level of arousal. This theory is closely tied to the Yerkes-Dodson law, which illustrates an inverted U-shaped relationship between arousal and performance. The law, formulated by psychologists Robert Yerkes and John Dodson, implies an ideal arousal level for optimal performance, and deviations from this level can lead to declines in effectiveness.
Inverted U-Shaped Performance Curve
The...
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Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

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Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
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Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

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E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Eye-tracking Technology and Data-mining Techniques used for a Behavioral Analysis of Adults engaged in Learning Processes
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Optimizing Learning in College: Tips From Cognitive Psychology.

Adam L Putnam1, Victor W Sungkhasettee2, Henry L Roediger2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Carleton College adamlputnam@gmail.com.

Perspectives on Psychological Science : a Journal of the Association for Psychological Science
|October 4, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

College students can improve academic success by adopting effective study strategies. Research shows spaced study sessions and self-quizzing enhance learning in large lecture courses.

Keywords:
college successlearning techniquesmemorymetacognitionstudy strategies

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Educational Strategies
  • Higher Education Pedagogy

Background:

  • Many college students struggle in introductory courses, particularly in large lecture formats.
  • Ineffective study habits contribute to academic difficulties despite student effort.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide evidence-based recommendations for college students' course engagement.
  • To offer a framework for academic success in higher education settings.

Main Methods:

  • Review of cognitive psychology research on learning.
  • Analysis of common student study strategies.
  • Identification and proposal of effective learning techniques.

Main Results:

  • Traditional study methods are often less effective than active learning approaches.
  • Spaced study sessions and self-testing significantly improve knowledge retention.
  • Active reading strategies enhance comprehension and performance.

Conclusions:

  • Students should implement spaced learning and active recall for better academic outcomes.
  • Adopting research-backed study strategies is crucial for college success.
  • Educators can guide students toward more effective learning frameworks.