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Related Concept Videos

The Phosphorus Cycle01:21

The Phosphorus Cycle

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Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, such as phosphate ions (PO43-), found in soil, water, sediment and rocks. Phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient (i.e., in short supply). Consequently, phosphorus is added to most agricultural fertilizers, which can cause environmental problems related to runoff in aquatic ecosystems.
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Sulfate Attack on Concrete01:29

Sulfate Attack on Concrete

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Sulfate attack on concrete is a deterioration process characterized by a whitish discoloration beginning at the edges and corners, accompanied by cracking and spalling. This phenomenon occurs when sulfates react with the components of hardened concrete, forming compounds like calcium sulfate and calcium sulfoaluminate which occupy more space than the substances they replace, causing the concrete to expand and disrupt.
Sulfates from sources like soil, groundwater, or industrial effluents...
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Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Efflorescence in Masonry01:25

Efflorescence in Masonry

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Efflorescence in masonry walls appears as a fluffy crystalline powder, often white, resulting from water-soluble salts within the masonry or mortar. When water penetrates the masonry, it dissolves these salts and brings them to the surface, where they are deposited upon evaporation of water.
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Pozzolans01:21

Pozzolans

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Pozzolans are siliceous or aluminous materials blended with Portland cement. They interact with the calcium hydroxide produced during the hydration of Portland cement and contribute to improved strength and durability of concrete. The pozzolanic activity, a measure of a pozzolan's effectiveness, is typically assessed using the strength activity index, as defined in ASTM C 618-93, which calculates the ratio of the compressive strength of cement mixtures with and without pozzolan.
Fly ash is...
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The Sulfur Cycle01:22

The Sulfur Cycle

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Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur is released by decaying organisms, weathered rocks, geothermal vents, volcanos, and burning fossil fuels. It is deposited into the ecosystem, cycled through the biotic community, and either released back into the atmosphere as gas or deposited in marine sediment for long-term storage and eventual...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility
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Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

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Decreasing Phosphorus Loss in Tile-Drained Landscapes Using Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum.

K W King, M R Williams, W A Dick

    Journal of Environmental Quality
    |October 4, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    Applying flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum to agricultural fields effectively reduced phosphorus (P) loading in drainage waters. Successive applications significantly lowered dissolved reactive P and total P concentrations and loads, offering a viable solution for water quality improvement.

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    Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method
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    Measuring Phosphorus Release in Laboratory Microcosms for Water Quality Assessment
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    Measuring Phosphorus Release in Laboratory Microcosms for Water Quality Assessment

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    Area of Science:

    • Environmental Science
    • Agricultural Science
    • Water Quality Management

    Background:

    • Agricultural nonpoint-source pollution, particularly phosphorus (P) loading, significantly impairs global inland waterbodies.
    • Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum, rich in calcium and with P-sorbing potential, is a potential amendment to mitigate P runoff.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the effectiveness of successive FGD gypsum applications in reducing P concentrations and loadings in surface runoff and tile discharge.
    • To assess the impact of FGD gypsum on water quality in agricultural fields with high soil P levels.

    Main Methods:

    • A before-after control-impact paired field experiment was conducted over two treatment periods following FGD gypsum application.
    • Analysis of covariance compared event discharge, dissolved reactive P (DRP), and total P (TP) concentrations and loadings between baseline and treatment periods.
    • FGD gypsum was applied at 2.24 Mg ha⁻¹ (1 ton acre⁻¹) per application to an Ohio field with >480 ppm Mehlich-3 P.

    Main Results:

    • After the first FGD gypsum application, significant reductions in DRP (21%) and TP (10%) concentrations were observed in tile water, and DRP in surface runoff decreased by 14%.
    • No significant reductions in DRP or TP loading were observed after the first application.
    • Following the second application, significant reductions in DRP and TP loads were achieved in surface runoff (41% DRP, 40% TP), tile discharge (35% DRP, 15% TP), and combined discharge (36% DRP, 38% TP).

    Conclusions:

    • Surface application of FGD gypsum is a viable management tool for reducing elevated P concentrations and loadings in agricultural drainage waters.
    • Repeated applications of FGD gypsum demonstrate increasing efficacy in mitigating P pollution from agricultural sources.
    • FGD gypsum offers a promising strategy for improving water quality in P-impaired inland waterbodies affected by agricultural runoff.