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Vaccinations

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Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

Viral Mutations

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...

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Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

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Measles virus genotypes circulating in India, 2011-2015.

Sunil R Vaidya¹, Deepika T Chowdhury¹

¹World Health Organization Accredited National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, National Institute of Virology [Indian Council of Medical Research], Pune, Maharashtra, India.

Journal of Medical Virology

|October 4, 2016

Summary

India

Area of Science:

Virology
Genetics
Public Health

Background:

India's commitment to measles and rubella elimination necessitates understanding measles virus (MeV) genetic diversity.
Molecular characterization of MeV is crucial for effective control strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To genetically characterize measles virus strains circulating in India over two decades.
To compare recent Indian MeV sequences with historical data and WHO reference sequences.
To inform the national immunization program for measles and rubella control.

Main Methods:

Nucleoprotein (N) gene sequencing and genotyping of MeV from suspected cases.
Analysis of sequences from throat swabs, urine specimens, and PCR products.
Comparison of Indian MeV strains (1996-2015) with global reference sequences.

Keywords:

India measles virus measles virus genotyping

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Generation, Amplification, and Titration of Recombinant Respiratory Syncytial Viruses

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Main Results:

Measles genotypes B3, D4, and D8 were predominantly detected across 19 Indian states and 3 Union Territories.
Genetic divergence within Indian strains of B3, D4, and D8 was low (0.3%-2.1%).
Divergence from WHO reference sequences for B3, D4, and D8 ranged from 1.8% to 2.6%.

Conclusions:

Genotyping confirmed the circulation of specific measles genotypes in India, providing essential data for public health interventions.
Continued molecular surveillance and genotyping are vital for achieving measles and rubella elimination goals.
The findings support the national immunization program's efforts in measles and rubella control.