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Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

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Posterior Shoulder Instability.

Ivan J Antosh¹, John M Tokish², Brett D Owens³

¹Keller Army Hospital, West Point, New York.

|October 5, 2016

Summary

Posterior shoulder instability is increasingly recognized, especially in the military. While nonoperative care may help low-demand individuals, active patients often require surgical stabilization for persistent pain or instability.

Keywords:

instability posterior stabilization shoulder arthroscopy

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Sports Medicine
Shoulder Biomechanics

Background:

Posterior shoulder instability is a distinct subset of shoulder pathology, often presenting as pain rather than instability.
Diagnosis can be challenging, with recurrent posterior subluxation being the most common manifestation.
Understanding and treatment techniques for posterior shoulder instability have advanced.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current understanding and treatment strategies for posterior shoulder instability.
To evaluate the efficacy of nonoperative and operative interventions.
To highlight the specific challenges and outcomes in active populations, particularly military members.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature search of electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE).
Clinical review of existing studies.
Level of evidence: 4.

Main Results:

Nonoperative treatment is effective for low-demand patients with posterior shoulder instability.
Active patients, including military personnel, often find conservative treatment unsuccessful.
Arthroscopic posterior shoulder stabilization yields excellent outcomes, high satisfaction, and low complication rates in surgical candidates.

Conclusions:

Posterior instability accounts for approximately 10% of all shoulder instability cases and is prevalent in military populations.
Surgical stabilization is a viable option for active patients unresponsive to nonoperative management.
Arthroscopic posterior stabilization is the primary surgical approach, with open techniques reserved for complex or revision cases.