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Related Concept Videos

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography01:27

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

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DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
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Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:27

Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Introduction:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, can include a specialized imaging technique of the urinary system known as Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU). This radiation-free technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images with the help of a computer. MRU is particularly effective for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Applications of MRI in the Genitourinary SystemKidneys and Ureters: MRI detects tumors, cysts,...
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Imaging Studies VII: Vascular Imaging01:19

Imaging Studies VII: Vascular Imaging

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DefinitionRenal angiography, also known as renal arteriography, is an imaging technique used to obtain a comprehensive view of blood flow and the vascular structure of blood vessels in the kidneys and surrounding areas.PurposeRenal angiography detects blood vessel abnormalities in the kidneys, such as aneurysms, stenosis, thrombosis, vascular tumors, and renal artery stenosis. It evaluates kidney function and guides interventional treatments like angioplasty or stent placement.Pre-Procedure...
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Imaging Studies II: Positron Emission Tomography and Scintigraphy01:25

Imaging Studies II: Positron Emission Tomography and Scintigraphy

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique that provides crucial insights into the body's physiological functions at a molecular level. It is an indispensable resource for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring various illnesses, notably cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular conditions.
Fundamental Principles of PET
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Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

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Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic...
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
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Updated: Mar 14, 2026

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Imaging as an Outcome Measure in Multiple Sclerosis.

Daniel Ontaneda1, Robert J Fox2

  • 1Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. ontaned@ccf.org.

Neurotherapeutics : the Journal of the American Society for Experimental Neurotherapeutics
|October 5, 2016
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) aids multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Advanced MRI techniques are being explored to overcome current imaging limitations in MS research.

Keywords:
MRIMultiple sclerosisatrophybiomarkerlesionsoptical coherence tomography

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic central nervous system demyelinating disease.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is crucial for diagnosing and monitoring MS, particularly using contrast-enhancing lesions for treatment evaluation.
  • Current MRI methods face limitations in detecting gray matter lesions, pathological specificity, and quantitative data acquisition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the role of MRI in multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • To identify the limitations of current MRI techniques in MS.
  • To introduce advanced imaging methods that may overcome these limitations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current MRI applications in MS diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
  • Discussion of limitations in conventional MRI for MS, including sensitivity to gray matter and specificity.
  • Exploration of advanced imaging techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging, functional MRI, and positron emission tomography.

Main Results:

  • MRI, especially contrast-enhancing lesions, has been vital for developing MS therapies.
  • Existing MRI techniques have challenges in fully characterizing MS pathology, particularly neurodegeneration.
  • Several advanced imaging methods show promise for improved MS assessment.

Conclusions:

  • MRI is indispensable for MS management, but limitations persist.
  • Advanced imaging techniques offer potential solutions for overcoming current MRI barriers in MS.
  • Further research into novel imaging modalities is essential for comprehensive MS characterization and treatment development.