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Related Concept Videos

Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation02:32

Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation

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In the field of psychology, there are several ways to organize measurements of a trait, feature, or characteristic (i.e., variables). Qualitative data, such as ethnicity, can be tabulated into a frequency count to provide information about the proportion, as well as the variety of groups in a sample or population. On the other hand, researchers can perform a wider set of calculations on quantitative data. The mean, mode, and median, for instance, are central tendency measures to identify a...
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Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

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In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
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Range00:59

Range

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The range is one of the measures of variation. It can be defined as the difference between a dataset's highest and lowest values. For example, in the study of seven 16-ounce soda cans, the filled volume of soda was measured, thus producing the following amount (in ounces) of soda:
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Inertial Frames of Reference01:03

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Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with...
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Non-inertial Frames of Reference01:27

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A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in an airplane, turning a corner in a car, riding a merry-go-round, and the circular motion of a tropical cyclone all have in common. All these systems are accelerating, decelerating, or rotating relative to the Earth; hence, they all are non-inertial frames. All these systems exhibit inertial forces, which merely seem to arise from motion,...
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Normal Distribution01:11

Normal Distribution

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The normal, a continuous distribution, is the most important of all the distributions. Its graph is a bell-shaped symmetrical curve, which is observed in almost all disciplines. Some of these include psychology, business, economics, the sciences, nursing, and, of course, mathematics. Some instructors may use the normal distribution to help determine students’ grades. Most IQ scores are normally distributed. Often real-estate prices fit a normal distribution. The normal distribution is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Evaluation of MicroRNA Expression in Kidney and Serum of Mice with Age-Dependent Renal Impairment
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[Changes in normal reference ranges for serum chemical analyses with ageing].

Y Nagamine, K Shima

    Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics
    |January 1, 1989
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study establishes normal blood chemistry reference ranges for elderly individuals, revealing age and sex-based variations in key analytes like lactic dehydrogenase and cholesterol.

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    Area of Science:

    • Clinical Chemistry
    • Geriatric Medicine
    • Biostatistics

    Context:

    • Establishing accurate reference ranges for blood chemistry is crucial for diagnosing and managing health conditions in the elderly population.
    • Previous reference ranges may not adequately account for age- and sex-specific physiological changes.
    • This study analyzes extensive laboratory data from a large cohort of elderly outpatients.

    Purpose:

    • To determine age- and sex-specific normal reference ranges for common serum chemical analytes in elderly subjects.
    • To identify significant differences in blood chemistry values between elderly males and females.
    • To observe trends in blood chemistry analytes with advancing age.

    Summary:

    • Laboratory data from 1822 males and 1870 females were analyzed using a non-parametric method.
    • Significant sex-based differences were observed, with most analytes higher in males, except for inorganic phosphorus and total protein.
    • In individuals over 50, females showed higher lactic dehydrogenase, albumin, sodium, and calcium levels.
    • Combined analysis revealed age-related increases in lactic dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and potassium, with decreases in total protein, albumin, and calcium.
    • Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels peaked at specific ages, while bilirubin, sodium, and chloride remained constant.

    Impact:

    • Provides updated, sex- and age-specific reference ranges for critical blood chemistry tests in the elderly.
    • Aids clinicians in more accurate interpretation of laboratory results for geriatric patients.
    • Contributes to improved diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of age-related health issues.