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Related Concept Videos

Non-Verbal Cues01:29

Non-Verbal Cues

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Non-verbal communication extends beyond gestures and facial expressions to include vocal elements known as paralanguage. Paralanguage consists of non-verbal vocal cues such as pitch, loudness, speech rate, pauses, and non-verbal vocalizations like laughter, sighs, and moans. These elements not only accompany speech but also provide critical emotional and contextual information.The Role of Paralanguage in CommunicationParalanguage adds depth to spoken language by conveying emotions and...
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Language01:16

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Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
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The human larynx, often referred to as the voice box, is an intricate organ located in the neck. It serves as a pathway for air to enter the lungs during respiration and is an essential component of voice production.
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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
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Practice Parameters That Influence Vocal Motor Adaptation in Altered Auditory Feedback Paradigms.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Ultrasound Images of the Tongue: A Tutorial for Assessment and Remediation of Speech Sound Errors
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Speech and nonspeech: What are we talking about?

Edwin Maas1

  • 1a Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA.

International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
|October 6, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study challenges the idea that speech production uses a unique motor system and is indivisible. It questions the task-dependent model of speech control, suggesting its core concepts are unclear.

Area of Science:

  • Neurolinguistics
  • Speech Motor Control
  • Clinical Speech Science

Background:

  • Understanding speech production's neural basis is crucial for diagnosing and treating speech disorders.
  • Recent models propose speech relies on a specialized motor system and is holistic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the claims underpinning a task-dependent model of speech motor control.
  • To stimulate discussion on the conceptual and empirical challenges in speech production research.
  • To explore clinical implications for assessing and treating motor speech disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of existing claims in speech motor control literature.
  • Examination of the definitions and application of key concepts like 'speech' and 'primitives'.
Keywords:
Speechnonspeechspeech motor control

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  • Review of evidence related to the distinctness and holistic nature of speech production.

    • Main Results:

    • The paper identifies significant conceptual and empirical challenges to the claims that speech production is governed by a distinct motor system and is holistic.
    • The task-dependent model's foundational concepts are shown to be ill-defined and inconsistently applied.
    • Diadochokinetic (DDK) tasks show potential for motor speech disorder assessment, while nonspeech oral motor exercises are questioned.

    Conclusions:

    • The task-dependent model of speech motor control is challenged due to its reliance on poorly defined concepts.
    • Further clarification of fundamental concepts is needed for advancing speech production research.
    • Clinical practices, such as the use of DDK tasks and the efficacy of nonspeech oral motor exercises, require careful consideration.