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Related Concept Videos

Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral...
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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Chromatin immunoprecipitation, or ChIP, is an antibody-based technique used to identify sites on DNA that bind to transcription factors of interest or histone proteins. It also helps determine the type of histone modifications such as acetylation, phosphorylation, or methylation.
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

An Integrated Platform for Genome-wide Mapping of Chromatin States Using High-throughput ChIP-sequencing in Tumor Tissues
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Insights in human epigenomic dynamics through comparative primate analysis.

Christopher G Bell1

  • 1Epigenomic Medicine, Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute of Developmental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.

Genomics
|October 6, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Comparative epigenomics reveals regulatory changes in human traits by analyzing cell-specific genomic activity. Understanding these epigenetic modifications can lead to precise therapeutic targeting.

Keywords:
ChromatinComparative genomicsDNA methylationEpigeneticsEpigenomicsHistone modifications

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Epigenomic analysis offers molecular insights into cell-specific genomic activity.
  • Comparative epigenomics can enhance understanding of human-acquired traits by examining regulatory changes.
  • Key systems include neurological, musculoskeletal, and immunological functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how comparative epigenomics can illuminate human-acquired traits.
  • To investigate the regulatory changes in various biological systems.
  • To understand the evolution and function of regulatory elements like enhancers and promoters.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative epigenomic analysis across tissues and species.
  • Examination of enhancer and promoter evolution and function.
  • Analysis of transcription factor binding sites and chromatin modification.

Main Results:

  • Enhancer loci evolve rapidly, adapting elements for human-specific functions.
  • Promoters often rely on CpG-dense genetic infrastructure.
  • Interplay between enhancers and promoters, coordinated by chromatin-modifying enzymes, was observed.
  • Transcription factor binding, including CTCF, influences local epigenetic states and 3D genome structure.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the modulation of epigenetic mechanisms across tissues and species deepens insights into human processes and pathology.
  • This knowledge paves the way for precise therapeutic targeting of epigenetic modifications.