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Line Loss01:10

Line Loss

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The different configurations of source-load connections include wye (star) and delta connections. The relationship between line and phase voltages and currents varies depending on the configuration. When the source is supplying power, it is transmitted through the wires to the load, and during this transmission, some power is absorbed by the wires, leading to line loss.
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Lossy Lines and Overvoltages01:22

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Transmission-line series resistance and shunt conductance cause three primary effects: attenuation, distortion, and power losses.
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Reducing Line Loss01:18

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In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
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Lossless Lines01:23

Lossless Lines

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In electrical engineering, a lossless transmission line is characterized by a purely imaginary propagation constant and a resistive characteristic impedance. The ABCD parameters, which describe the relationship between the input and output voltages and currents, indicate an equivalent π circuit with an imaginary series impedance and a shunt admittance. This results in a transmission line that, when the product of the phase constant (beta) and the length of the line is less than pi, exhibits...
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In- and Out-Groups01:31

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People all belong to a gender, race, age, and social economic group. These groups provide a powerful source of our identity and self-esteem (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) and serve as our in-groups. An in-group is a group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to.
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Traveling Waves: Lossless Lines01:27

Traveling Waves: Lossless Lines

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The provided content explores the behavior of traveling waves on single-phase lossless transmission lines. It begins with a single-phase two-wire lossless transmission line of length Δx, characterized by a loop inductance LH/m and a line-to-line capacitance C F/m. These parameters result in a series inductance LΔx  and a shunt capacitance CΔx.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Foreign Accent and Forensic Speaker Identification in Voice Lineups: The Influence of Acoustic Features Based on Prosody
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Foreign Accent and Forensic Speaker Identification in Voice Lineups: The Influence of Acoustic Features Based on Prosody

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US line-ups outperform UK line-ups.

Travis M Seale-Carlisle1, Laura Mickes2

  • 1Department of Psychology , Royal Holloway, University of London , Egham, UK.

Royal Society Open Science
|October 6, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The US simultaneous photo lineup procedure for eyewitness identification is more effective than the UK sequential video lineup. This eyewitness identification method improves accuracy in distinguishing guilty from innocent suspects.

Keywords:
UK line-upUS line-upeyewitness identificationsequential line-upsimultaneous line-up

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Psychology
  • Criminal Justice
  • Eyewitness Identification Procedures

Background:

  • Eyewitness identification is crucial in criminal investigations, but misidentifications lead to wrongful convictions.
  • Existing police lineup procedures in the USA and UK differ significantly.
  • Direct comparisons of these procedures' effectiveness are lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the discriminability and reliability of US and UK eyewitness identification lineup procedures.
  • To determine which procedure better enables eyewitnesses to differentiate innocent from guilty suspects.

Main Methods:

  • A study involving 2249 participants who viewed a crime video.
  • Participants were tested using either a six-person simultaneous photo lineup (USA) or a nine-person sequential video lineup (UK).
  • Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis for discriminability and Confidence-Accuracy (CA) characteristic analysis for reliability were employed.

Main Results:

  • The US simultaneous photo lineup procedure demonstrated significantly higher discriminability compared to the UK sequential video lineup.
  • The US procedure also showed significantly higher reliability.
  • Both discriminability and reliability are key indicators of an identification procedure's effectiveness.

Conclusions:

  • The US simultaneous photo lineup procedure is superior to the UK sequential video lineup in terms of both discriminability and reliability.
  • The findings suggest potential improvements are needed for the UK's eyewitness identification practices.
  • Optimizing lineup procedures is critical to reduce wrongful convictions based on misidentification.