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Related Concept Videos

Structure of Alkanes02:23

Structure of Alkanes

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The formation of carbon-carbon bonds leading to the creation of the carbon chain is the basis of organic chemistry. August Kekulé and Archibald Scott Couper independently developed this idea of carbon chain formation.
Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds composed of carbons and hydrogens. Based on the bond order between carbons, the hydrocarbons are further classified into alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. 
Alkanes are the simplest hydrocarbons with sp3 hybrid carbon atoms....
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Conformations of Ethane and Propane02:18

Conformations of Ethane and Propane

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In an organic molecule, free rotation about the carbon-carbon single bond results in energetically different conformers of the molecule. Due to this rotation, called the internal rotation, ethane has two major conformations — staggered and eclipsed.
Staggered conformation is a low energy and more stable conformation with the C-H bonds on the front carbon placed at 60°dihedral angles relative to the C-H bonds on the back carbon, leading to a reduced torsional strain. In staggered...
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Entropy and Solvation02:05

Entropy and Solvation

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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Conformations of Cycloalkanes02:29

Conformations of Cycloalkanes

16.0K
Adolf von Baeyer attempted to explain the instabilities of small and large cycloalkane rings using the concept of angle strain — the strain caused by the deviation of bond angles from the ideal 109.5° tetrahedral value for sp3  hybridized carbons. However, while cyclopropane and cyclobutane are strained, as expected from their highly compressed bond angles, cyclopentane is more strained than predicted, and cyclohexane is virtually strain-free. Hence, Baeyer’s theory that...
16.0K
Carbon Skeletons01:12

Carbon Skeletons

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Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon backbone. Each carbon atom is tetravalent and can bond with four other atoms, making it an extraordinarily flexible component of biological molecules. Because carbon’s valence electrons are stable, it rarely becomes an ion. As the carbon chain increases in length, structural modifications such as ring structures, double bonds, and branching side...
116.5K
Conformations of Butane02:20

Conformations of Butane

19.8K
Unlike ethane and propane that have only two major conformations, butane has more than two conformers. The staggered form of butane in which the bulky methyl groups on the two carbons are placed on opposite sides, that is, at a dihedral angle of 180°, is the lowest energy, most stable form — called the anti conformer. This conformation is stabilized due to the absence of steric repulsion between the largely spaced out methyl groups. The other two staggered conformations are...
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High-Pressure NMR Experiments for Detecting Protein Low-Lying Conformational States
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Dense Hydrocarbon Structures at Megabar Pressures.

Hanyu Liu1, Ivan I Naumov1, Russell J Hemley2,3

  • 1Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington , Washington, D.C. 20015, United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|October 6, 2016
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored carbon-hydrogen structures at high pressures. They discovered new, stable hydrocarbon phases, including a dynamically stable C2H4 structure, advancing understanding of planetary interiors and astrophysical environments.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Planetary Science

Background:

  • The carbon-hydrogen (C-H) system's phase diagram at high pressures and temperatures remains largely unknown.
  • Understanding C-H phases is crucial for diverse scientific problems, including planetary interiors and astrophysics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically search for novel, low-energy hydrocarbon structures within the C-H system.
  • To investigate the stability and properties of these structures under extreme pressures.

Main Methods:

  • Performed systematic structure prediction calculations for the C-H system across a pressure range of 100 to 300 GPa.
  • Utilized phonon calculations to confirm the dynamic stability of predicted structures.

Main Results:

  • Identified new, more stable hydrocarbon compositions and structures beyond previously predicted ones.
  • Discovered a dynamically stable C2H4 structure with an indirect band gap, stable over a wide pressure range.
  • Found energetically favorable, carbon-rich structures.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals new stable phases in the C-H system at high pressures.
  • These findings enhance comprehension of carbon-hydrogen interactions in extreme environments like planetary interiors and astrophysical settings.