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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Extracellular Glucose Depletion as an Indirect Measure of Glucose Uptake in Cells and Tissues Ex Vivo
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Sugar and Type 2 diabetes.

Michael E J Lean1, Lisa Te Morenga2

  • 1Department of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK Mike.Lean@glasgow.ac.uk.

British Medical Bulletin
|October 7, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sugar-sweetened beverages are linked to weight gain and Type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, much of this association disappears when adjusting for body mass index, suggesting sugar has no unique diabetogenic effect at physiological levels.

Keywords:
beliefsbody mass indexdiabetesdietevidencesoda

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Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Metabolic Disease Research
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Media widely attributes the global rise in Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) to sugar consumption, particularly sugar-sweetened beverages.
  • Dietary sugars and their relationship with T2DM are subjects of systematic reviews and dietary guidelines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the association between sugar intake and Type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
  • To examine the role of body mass index (BMI) and adiposity in the sugar-T2DM relationship.
  • To explore ethical considerations and research gaps concerning sugar consumption and T2DM.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of existing literature and dietary guidelines.
  • Statistical analysis adjusting for body mass index (BMI) and adiposity.
  • Evaluation of evidence regarding sugar intake thresholds and T2DM risk.

Main Results:

  • High consumption of sweetened beverages is associated with weight gain and T2DM incidence.
  • The association between sugars and T2DM is significantly reduced after adjusting for BMI, indicating a limited unique diabetogenic effect.
  • Excess sugar may promote T2DM through caloric excess and subsequent weight gain rather than a direct physiological impact.

Conclusions:

  • While sugar-sweetened beverages contribute to T2DM risk primarily through weight gain, they lack a unique diabetogenic effect at physiological levels.
  • Further research is needed to establish evidence-based recommendations for limiting dietary sugar intake, potentially below 10% of energy intake.
  • Ethical concerns regarding the addition of undetectable caffeine to sweetened beverages warrant attention.