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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...

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Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

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Hyperfuctioning insular thyroid carcinoma: A rare case report.

Abdulwahid M Salih¹, F H Kakamad², Han Aube³

¹Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Department Surgery, University of Sulaimani, François Mitterrand Street, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.

International Journal of Surgery Case Reports

|October 7, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Insular carcinoma of the thyroid (ICT), a rare thyroid tumor, can present with hyperthyroidism. This case highlights ICT associated with hyperthyroidism, emphasizing total thyroidectomy as the primary treatment.

Keywords:

Hyperthyroidism Insular carcinoma of thyroid Neck mass

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Oncology
Surgical Pathology

Background:

Insular carcinoma of the thyroid (ICT) is an uncommon thyroid malignancy.
Hyperfunctioning ICT is exceptionally rare, often presenting with symptoms of thyrotoxicosis.

Purpose of the Study:

To report a rare case of insular carcinoma of the thyroid associated with hyperthyroidism.
To discuss the clinical presentation, management, and histopathological findings of this rare entity.

Main Methods:

Case presentation of a 65-year-old female with a history of neck mass and thyrotoxicosis.
Diagnostic workup included ultrasound and histopathological examination.
Surgical management involved total thyroidectomy with radical neck dissection.

Main Results:

Histopathology confirmed a unifocal, poorly differentiated insular carcinoma of the thyroid.
The patient presented with symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, necessitating antithyroid treatment prior to surgery.
The postoperative course was uneventful.

Conclusions:

Insular carcinoma of the thyroid is a rare diagnosis.
It can manifest with prolonged signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism.
Total thyroidectomy is the recommended primary treatment modality for ICT.