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Effects of Temperature on Free Energy02:11

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The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:
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Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as thermodynamics. It is not always easy to distinguish heat and temperature.
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Consistent with the law of mass action, an equilibrium stressed by a change in concentration will shift to re-establish equilibrium without any change in the value of the equilibrium constant, K. When an equilibrium shifts in response to a temperature change, however, it is re-established with a different relative composition that exhibits a different value for the equilibrium constant.
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Hot spots become cold spots: coevolution in variable temperature environments.

A B Duncan1, E Dusi1,2, F Jacob1

  • 1Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554 (CC065), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.

Journal of Evolutionary Biology
|October 7, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Environmental fluctuations can stall antagonistic coevolution, creating temporary "cold spots." The persistence of coevolution depends on the frequency of environmental change and the interacting species' optima.

Keywords:
Pseudomonas fluorescenscoevolutionexperimental evolutionhost-parasitemicrocosmphagetemperature fluctuations

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Ecology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Antagonistic coevolution between hosts and parasites drives biological diversity.
  • Environmental conditions significantly influence coevolutionary dynamics.
  • The impact of variable environments on coevolution remains understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how fluctuating environments affect antagonistic coevolution.
  • To determine the role of temperature variation in host-parasite coevolutionary dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental evolution using microcosms of Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 and lytic phage SBWΦ2.
  • Manipulation of temperature fluctuation frequencies to simulate variable environmental conditions.
  • Monitoring of population densities and coevolutionary trajectories.

Main Results:

  • High-frequency temperature fluctuations did not alter typical coevolutionary arms race patterns.
  • Intermediate- and low-frequency fluctuations led to stalled coevolution during high-temperature periods, creating 'coevolutionary cold spots'.
  • Temperature variation impacted population densities, suggesting eco-evolutionary feedbacks via encounter rates.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental fluctuations can induce temporary cessations in antagonistic coevolution.
  • The frequency of environmental change is critical in determining whether coevolution persists or stalls.
  • Coevolutionary outcomes are contingent on the interplay between environmental variability and species' environmental optima.