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Related Concept Videos

Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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Visualization of SARS-CoV-2 using Immuno RNA-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
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Coronavirus cis-Acting RNA Elements.

R Madhugiri1, M Fricke2, M Marz3

  • 1Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.

Advances in Virus Research
|October 8, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores conserved RNA structures in coronaviruses essential for genome replication and packaging. These cis-acting elements, crucial for viral RNA synthesis, reveal surprising conservation across genera.

Keywords:
CoronavirusGenome packagingRNA structureRNA virusReplicationcis-Acting element

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Coronaviruses possess large RNA genomes (~30 kb).
  • Genome replication and transcription involve a complex of over a dozen viral proteins.
  • This complex interacts with specific cis-acting RNA elements in the viral genome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of coronavirus cis-acting RNA elements.
  • Focus on elements critical for genome replication and packaging.
  • Highlight conservation and higher-order structures of these RNA elements.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent bioinformatic studies.
  • Review of biochemical studies.
  • Review of genetic studies.

Main Results:

  • Significant conservation of cis-acting RNA structures across coronavirus genera.
  • Evidence for higher-order RNA structures involving long-range RNA-RNA interactions.
  • Identification of specific functional roles in viral RNA synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • Coronavirus cis-acting RNA elements exhibit unexpected conservation.
  • Dynamic RNA-RNA interactions play a role in viral RNA synthesis.
  • Understanding these elements is key to deciphering coronavirus replication.