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Related Concept Videos

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants01:19

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants

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To promote clear communication, for instance, about the location of a patient's abdominal pain or a suspicious mass, anatomists and clinicians typically use imaginary lines to categorize the abdominopelvic cavity into either four quadrants or nine regions to identify organs in the cavity.
The simpler quadrants approach, which is more commonly used in medicine, subdivides the cavity with one horizontal and one vertical line that intersects at the patient's umbilicus (navel). The four...
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Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum01:26

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum

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The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum are crucial for supporting the pelvic organs, controlling continence, and aiding in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. They are typically divided into the superficial perineal layer and the deep pelvic floor layer.
Perineal Layer
The perineum is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm, divided into an anterior urogenital triangle that contains the external genitals and a posterior anal triangle housing the anus. The urogenital...
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Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
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Appendicitis-I: Introduction01:22

Appendicitis-I: Introduction

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The appendix, a small, narrow, blind tube extending from the inferior part of the cecum, is widely regarded as a vestigial organ, having lost much of its original function through evolution. Despite its diminished role, the appendix can become inflamed, a condition known as appendicitis.
Etiology: Appendicitis can arise from various causes, primarily rooted in the obstruction of the appendix lumen. Factors contributing to this obstruction include fecal accumulation, lymphoid hyperplasia and, in...
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Abdominal Aorta01:25

Abdominal Aorta

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Once the aorta traverses the diaphragmatic plane at the aortic hiatus, it is known as the abdominal aorta. This anatomical structure is positioned leftward of the spinal column, encased within a cocoon of adipose tissue behind the peritoneal cavity. It terminates at the L4 vertebra, where it splits into the common iliac arteries. Prior to this bifurcation, the abdominal aorta gives rise to several vital branches.
The celiac trunk, a singular artery, divides into the left gastric artery, which...
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Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS01:17

Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS

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Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a subtype of IBS characterized primarily by frequent, loose, or watery stools, abdominal pain, and abdominal discomfort. Therapeutic approaches to managing IBS-D include dietary changes, stress management techniques, and pharmaceutical interventions.
Two specific drugs used in the treatment are alosetron (Lotronex) and eluxadoline (Viberzi). Alosetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist, works by slowing the movement of stools in the gut, reducing bowel...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
06:44

Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain

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Anorectal and Pelvic Pain.

Adil E Bharucha1, Tae Hee Lee1

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.

Mayo Clinic Proceedings
|October 8, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This review covers functional anorectal pain, interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome, and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. These common pelvic pain disorders share similarities and are managed with multidisciplinary approaches.

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Pain Medicine

Background:

  • Pelvic pain is a common symptom with various causes, including structural and functional disorders.
  • Nonstructural, functional pelvic pain disorders are prevalent and significantly impact quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the three most common functional pelvic pain disorders: functional anorectal pain, interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome, and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome.
  • To discuss their shared characteristics, pathogenesis, and management strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review focusing on functional anorectal pain, interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome, and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome.
  • Analysis of shared symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and contributing factors.

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Main Results:

  • These conditions, though distinct, share associations with dysfunctional voiding/defecation, comorbidities like fibromyalgia and depression, and impaired quality of life.
  • Pathogenesis involves pelvic floor muscle tension, inflammation, central sensitization, and psychosocial factors.

Conclusions:

  • Management requires a tailored, multidisciplinary approach including lifestyle changes, pharmacotherapy, behavioral therapy, and physical therapy.
  • Opioid use and surgical interventions should be limited, with surgery reserved for refractory cases of interstitial cystitis.