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Related Concept Videos

Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into ...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
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Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model

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Syndromic Craniosynostosis.

James C Wang1, Laszlo Nagy2, Joshua C Demke3

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology---Head and Neck Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Stop 8312, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Otolaryngology---Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.

Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America
|October 8, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Syndromic craniosynostosis, affecting 1:30,000 births, involves craniofacial deformities and other issues. This review covers common features, management, and secondary synostosis in affected children.

Keywords:
Apert syndromeCraniofacial syndromesCrouzon syndromeFGFR mutationsMuenke syndromePfeiffer syndromeSaethre-Chotzen syndromeSyndromic craniosynostosis

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Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
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Area of Science:

  • Medical Genetics
  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Syndromic craniosynostosis occurs in 1:30,000 live births, leading to craniofacial abnormalities and developmental issues.
  • Over 150 distinct syndromes are linked to craniosynostosis, presenting diverse clinical manifestations.
  • Secondary synostosis, distinct from primary forms, can arise in syndromic children due to conditions like hydrocephalus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To delineate commonalities and distinguishing features of syndromic craniosynostosis.
  • To outline current management strategies for syndromic craniosynostosis.
  • To discuss the nuances of secondary synostosis in syndromic populations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on syndromic craniosynostosis.
  • Analysis of clinical presentations and genetic associations.
  • Discussion of diagnostic and management approaches.

Main Results:

  • Syndromic craniosynostosis presents with characteristic craniofacial restrictions and deformities.
  • Associated anomalies can include carpal-pedal issues and cognitive impairment.
  • Secondary synostosis requires careful differentiation due to its unique pathophysiology.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive history and physical examination are crucial for diagnosing syndromic craniosynostosis.
  • Multidisciplinary management and adjuvant testing are essential for optimal patient outcomes.
  • Understanding the differences between primary and secondary synostosis informs treatment strategies.