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Related Concept Videos

Epistaxis01:30

Epistaxis

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Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, occurs when small, swollen blood vessels in the nasal mucous membrane rupture. Typically, the anterior septum is the primary site of occurrence.
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In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
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The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
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Respiratory symptoms, such as congestion and cough, commonly accompany respiratory tract conditions. Various medications, such as antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics, play crucial roles in providing relief.
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The Perinatal Asphyxiated Lamb Model: A Model for Newborn Resuscitation
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A Rare But Important Entity: Epistaxis in Infants.

Amy M DeLaroche1, Helene Tigchelaar1, Nirupama Kannikeswaran1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan.

The Journal of Emergency Medicine
|October 8, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Epistaxis (nosebleeds) in infants under two years old is rare and may indicate serious underlying conditions like bleeding disorders or nonaccidental trauma. Prompt evaluation is crucial for early diagnosis and intervention.

Keywords:
epistaxisinfantnonaccidental trauma

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Emergency Medicine
  • Clinical Case Review

Background:

  • Epistaxis is a frequent emergency department (ED) complaint, but uncommon in children under two years old.
  • In infants, nosebleeds can signal a bleeding disorder or nonaccidental trauma.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology and differential diagnoses of epistaxis in infants.
  • To outline the initial evaluation approach for this rare clinical presentation in young children.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a 2-month-old infant presenting with epistaxis, followed by head trauma.
  • Literature review of infant epistaxis epidemiology, differential diagnoses, and evaluation strategies.

Main Results:

  • The infant case highlights the potential for serious underlying pathology.
  • Review emphasizes the need to consider systemic disease and nonaccidental trauma.

Conclusions:

  • Emergency physicians must screen for bleeding disorders and maintain a high suspicion for nonaccidental trauma in infants with epistaxis.
  • The diagnostic approach for infant epistaxis differs significantly from older children due to potential underlying severity.