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Related Concept Videos

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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Trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE) is a measure of the total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next. Due to extensive energy loss as metabolic heat, an average of only 10% of the original energy obtained is passed on to the next level. This pattern of energy loss severely limits the possible number of trophic levels in a food chain.
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Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates and less energy spent on thermoregulatory processes, the NPE of ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) is 10 times higher than endotherms (warm-blooded animals).
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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
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How animals obtain and eat their food is called foraging behavior. Foraging can include searching for plants and hunting for prey and depends on the species and environment.
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Linking Predation Risk, Herbivore Physiological Stress and Microbial Decomposition of Plant Litter
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Enhanced leaf nitrogen status stabilizes omnivore population density.

Anna-Sara Liman1, Peter Dalin2, Christer Björkman2

  • 1Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7044, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden. Anna-Sara.Liman@slu.se.

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Higher plant nitrogen levels boost omnivore populations and reduce their variability. This suggests managing crop nitrogen can enhance biological pest control by omnivores.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Entomology
  • Plant-insect interactions

Background:

  • Plant traits influence omnivore-prey dynamics.
  • Nutrient status of host plants may affect omnivore population stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how leaf nitrogen status affects omnivore population density and variability.
  • To test if enhanced plant nutrition strengthens the buffering effect of plant feeding for omnivores.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed 13 years of field data on omnivore population densities along a leaf nitrogen gradient.
  • Recreated leaf nitrogen gradient in a greenhouse experiment to assess omnivore performance and prey consumption.

Main Results:

  • A 195% increase in omnivore population density and a 63% decrease in variability were observed with increased leaf nitrogen.
  • Higher leaf nitrogen enhanced omnivore performance but reduced per capita prey consumption.

Conclusions:

  • Enhanced plant nitrogen status increases and stabilizes omnivore populations.
  • This can lead to effective "background level" control of insect herbivores.
  • Managing crop nitrogen status offers a strategy for conservation biological control.