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Discovery and optimization of peptide macrocycles.

Andrew M White1, David J Craik1

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PubMed
Summary

Macrocyclic peptides, derived from nature and engineered synthetically, show promise as potent, specific drugs with fewer side effects. Their unique structure allows targeting of both intracellular and extracellular targets, offering a new generation of therapeutics.

Keywords:
Cyclic peptidescyclotidesdrug designkalata B1peptide macrocyclesstapled peptides

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Area of Science:

  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Drug Discovery
  • Peptide Therapeutics

Background:

  • Macrocyclic peptides exhibit enhanced resistance to proteolysis and higher potency compared to linear peptides.
  • They represent a significant area for drug design due to their potential for potent and specific therapeutic action with reduced side effects.
  • This review encompasses nature-derived cyclic peptides (cyclotides, theta-defensins, orbitides) and synthetic cyclic peptides as drug leads.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review macrocyclic drug leads, including natural and synthetic cyclic peptides and their derivatives.
  • To cover technologies for engineering cyclic peptides, such as cyclization via linkers, CLIPS, templates, and stapled peptides.
  • To highlight the advantages of macrocyclic peptides over traditional small molecules and biologics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on nature-derived cyclic peptides.
  • Analysis of technologies for synthetic cyclic peptide engineering.
  • Discussion of clinical trial progress and potential manufacturing methods.

Main Results:

  • Macrocyclic peptides are identified as promising drug leads, with several currently in clinical trials.
  • They possess advantages over small molecule drugs and biologics, including cell penetration and ability to target intracellular protein-protein interactions.
  • Certain macrocyclic peptides, like cyclotides, can be produced in plants, potentially lowering manufacturing costs and improving accessibility.

Conclusions:

  • Macrocyclic peptides offer significant advantages as a new class of therapeutics.
  • Their ability to target diverse biological sites and potential for cost-effective production underscore their therapeutic potential.
  • Further development and clinical evaluation of macrocyclic peptides are warranted for various diseases.