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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking

Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking

Published on: September 26, 2019

Functional eye movement disorders.

D Kaski¹, A M Bronstein¹

¹Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Neuro-otology, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Neuro-otology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

|October 11, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Functional eye movement disorders, though less recognized, include convergence spasm and voluntary nystagmus. This review offers a framework for diagnosing and managing these underreported conditions.

Keywords:

convergence spasm eye movements functional gaze nystagmus psychogenic

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Last Updated: Mar 14, 2026

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Ophthalmology

Background:

Functional (psychogenic) eye movement disorders are underrepresented in medical literature compared to other functional movement disorders.
Patients may experience ocular symptoms like blurred vision or oscillopsia, or these disorders may be identified during eye examinations for other conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

To review various types of functional eye movement abnormalities.
To provide a practical framework for the diagnosis and management of these disorders.

Main Methods:

Literature review of functional eye movement disorders.
Clinical examination findings in patients with functional neurological disorders.

Main Results:

Convergence spasm is the most common type.
Other underreported conditions include functional gaze limitation, functional eye oscillations (voluntary nystagmus), and functional convergence paralysis.

Conclusions:

Functional eye movement disorders require greater recognition and systematic diagnostic and management approaches.
Further research and clinical awareness are needed for underreported conditions like functional gaze limitation and convergence paralysis.